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CORE Founded
- The Congress of Racial Equality was a civil rights group for African American rights
- CORE was one of four big civil rights groups
- It made big impacts in the fight for civil rights
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Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
- Jackie Robinson was the first African American professional baseball player
- Fans and other players discriminated against him because he was black but Jackie still played
- He played151 games, hit .297, stole more bases than anyone else in the National League and was awarded the first-ever Rookie of the Year title.
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Executive Order 9981
- President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 to abolish racial discrimination in all armed forces.
- Eventually the groups were desegregated
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Brown vs. Board of Education Ruling
- Thurgood Marshall won the case against the Board of Education
- The case banned segregation in public schools, and segregation continued in much of the South.
- Blacks still had to use separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, and had to sit in separate parts of restaurants and buses.
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Bus Boycott and Rosa Parks
- A woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man and was arrested
- This started the Montgomery Bus Boycott, lead by Martin Luther King Jr.
- The protesters ended up getting their way and the buses in Montgomery became desegregated.
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Birmingham Campaign
- the Birmingham Campaign was a campaign with the purpose of bringing attention to integration
- It was organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, or SCLC.
- They were nonviolent, and wanted to "redeem “the soul of America."
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Integration of Central High School
- Little Rock Nine : first nine black students who integrated into an all white school
- Little Rock Nine students
- The students were not welcomed into their new school -Students were escorted with troops to school
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First Lunch Counter Sit-in
- The lunch counter sit ins were nonviolent protests of segregation in restaurants.
- The protestors were beaten and attacked.
- The Jim Crow laws were laws enforcing segregation in the Southern United States.
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Freedom Rides
- SNCC was led by youths and they were taught civil disobedience to break laws they didn't like.
- Students protested segregation in public transportation by using Freedom Rides, and eventually the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in interstate transport was illegal.
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March on Washington
- More than 200,000 Americans attended the March on Washington.
- Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
- The event was to reveal and show the political and social challenges African Americans continued to face across the country.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a civil rights law that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the workplace.
- It was used to let everyone work at the same places and be treated equally while working.
- Plessy v. Ferguson was a case that ruled to keep racial segregation in the workplace under the "separate but equal" quote.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
- It was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson.
- It outlawed the discriminatory voting ways adopted in southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests taken to be able to vote.
- It also specifically outlawed literacy tests and similar things that were used to disenfranchise racial minorities.
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Black Panther Party
- The Black Panther Party was founded by African Americans for self defense. They believed strongly in Black Power
- They practiced military like types of defense against the Oakland Police Department.
- They were considered a strong force and a huge threat.
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Advocates for Black Nationalism
- Black Nationalism advocated for blacks to have an identity and power.
- Many Black nationalists believe in black supremacy.
- Malcom X was a popular black muslim leader
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
- the Civil Rights Act of 1968 bans discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of dwellings based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
- It is known as the fair housing act.
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
- the Supreme Court upheld bus programs that worked to speed up the racial integration of public schools in the United States.
- Busing was used by anti-integration whites who wanted to maintain segregation
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Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
- the court ruled unconstitutional a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process
- the university was discriminating against blacks by not letting "too many" blacks into the school
- They also said that school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.
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Watts Riot
The riots were caused because a minor argument broke out, and then escalated into a fight.
- The community were angry and sparked allegations of police brutality that spread, and caused six days of looting and arson.
- it resulted in 34 deaths and $40 million in property damage.
- The riots were blamed principally on police racism. -
It was the city's worst unrest until the Rodney King riots of 1992.
