-
13th amendment
|African Americans| The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The roots of all African American civil rights, abolishing slavery allowed African Americans to gain liberty and, although not equal, rights. -
14th amendment
|African American| Rights of citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the law. The 14th amendment has become one of the most used amendments in court to date regarding the equal protection clause. -
15th Amendment
| African Americans | it is illegal to prohibit a citizen from voting based on race, color, or condition of servitude. Did not work as intended because of poll taxes and literacy tests. It was an important step toward suffrage, but did not work out long-term. -
Tuskegee Institute Created
| African Americans | black university created in 1881, one of the first moves for higher education of african americans in the southern states. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
| African Americans | court case which ruled in favor of segregation, made it legal as long as it was “seperate but equal.” This resulted in a large setback for civil rights as a whole, as segregation was allowed to exist for longer than it should have. -
NAACP created
| African Americans | created by WEB dubois to campaign to gain rights and equality for African Americans, promoted direct action. -
19th amendment
| Women's rights | Prevented states from prohibiting voting based on sex. Finally granted women suffrage after years of campaigning. -
Equal Rights Amendment Proposed
| Women's Rights | proposed amendment to end discrimination based on sex, granted equal rights and proposed removing distinction between men and women legally for divorce, marriage, etc. Didn't successfully become ratified, but was an important step in women's rights -
Executive order 9981
| All | executive order established by Eisenhower that abolished discrimination in the US military based on race, gender, etc. -
Brown v. Board of Education
| African Americans | segregation in US public schools ruled unconstitutional. ended discrimination based on race in public schools -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
| African American | boycott of the bus system in Montgomery to protest segregation. Weakened the economy and lead to transit segregation being outlawed -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) formed
| African American | African American civil rights organization created off the heels of the Montgomery bus boycott Helped organize many movements in the name of civic rights. -
Greensboro, NC Sit-ins
series of non-violent protests where individuals would sit in a restaurant to protest those which did not serve african americans, they would sit at counters until they were served or forced to leave. led to the Woolworth store removing it’s segregation policies. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed
| African Americans | Student led organization that promoted direct action. Stemmed from student-lead sit ins. Organized the African American youth to action and helped civil rights movements through that. -
Period: to
Chicano Movement (Mural Movement)
| Mexican American | civil rights movement aiming for mexican-american empowerment. Creation of literary and visual art that validated ethnicity and culture. -
Period: to
Cesar Chavez
| Mexican American | founded United Farm Workers union, lead a campaign to assist migrant farm workers who suffered low-wages and long hours. Used nonviolent tactics to urge farm owners to submit to demands. -
Freedom Riders
| African Americans |
civil rights activists that rode buses into segregated states to protest court decisions not being enforced. Faced with Push-back from southerners such as firebombs, the conflicts raised awareness for civil rights -
Letter From Birmingham Jail
| African American | Martin luther king's letter which described his methodology behind non-violent protests to racism, in which he proposes people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Formed the methodology for much of the civil rights movements