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Scott v. Sandford
The supreme court ruled that the Americans of African desent, (whether free or slave) were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The court ruled that even if he was in a free territory he was still consitered a slave, in which he couldn't sue; (supreme court applied that the constitution doesn't apply to anyone that is black). -
Reconstruction
Attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission. (efforts made to convert black’s and aferican americans to become american citizens) During this period the government established the South's first state-founded public school system (made an effort to outlaw racial discrimination). (1867-1877) -
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery-
The 13th Amendment was used to protect the rights of the newly freed people. -
14th Amendment
All persons born in the U.S. are citizens-
The 14th Amendment to the U.S. constitution granted citizenship to all the people born or naturalized in the U.S. (including former slaves) This Amendment guarenteed all citizens the "equal protection of the laws" -
15th Amendment
States cannot deny a person the right to vote because of race-
The 15th Amendments was made to ensure that the states and communities were not denying men the righ to vote due to their race. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson- A belief that one drop of black blood made a person black. This case in which the supreme court ruled that the segregated, "Seperate but Equal" did not violate the 14th Amendment (in which it did). Homer Plessy challenged segregated train cars, he boarded a whites only part of a train. Plessy was then arrested for not moving to the colored part of the train. (violated the 14th Amendment) -
Scottsboro Boys
The Scottsboro Boys' case was marked one of the first up bringings of the civil rights movement which led to two landmark Supreme Court rulings that established important rights for criminal defendants. The Case- Nine young black Alabama youths (ages 12 to 19) were charged with raping two white women near the town Scottsboro, Alambama. (1931-1937) -
George Stinney case
George Stinney was one of the youngest Americans to be sentenced to death, (he was exucuted in 1944 for the murder of two white girls). Later Stinney's conviction was overturned in 2014 (70 years after he died), when a court relized he did not recieve a fair trial. (violates the 6th Amendment) -
Brown v. Board
The Supreme Court case that overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine acted on public schooling. Examples: Segregated schools, public restrooms, transportation, etc.. came about as the result of Jim Crow laws. -
19th Amendment
Guarneteed women the constitutional right to vote- The United States Constitution granted women the right to vote, (prohibitong any U.S. citizen to be denied the right to vote because of sex). This was then later ratifed after a long period of women sufferage. -
James Meredith enrolls in Ole Miss University
James Meredith was one of the first African Americans to attend the Univerty of Mississippi. James was created in leading the March Against Fear, which helped protest the physical violence that the African Americans faced while exercisong their right to vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964- Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. -
Voring Rights Act of 1965
The landmark piece of federal legislation in the U.S. that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. Everyone who was a citizen could vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Civil Rights act of 1968- expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex. This act protects people with disabilities and families with children. -
Jim Crow Era
The Jim Crow laws were intended to restrict social contact between whites and blacks (other groups), which limited the freedom and opportuinity of people of color. Example: Race was defined by blood and the presence of any amount of black blood made one black. (seperate drinking fountains, restrooms and even schools had to be sepreated between the white and colored). (1877-1960) -
California v. Bakke
California v. Bakke - Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial quotas in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of action to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in most circumstances. -
California v. Bakke
Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial quotas in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of affirmative action to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances. -
Gratz v. Bollinger
The Supreme Court ruled that the use of affirmative action in school admission is constitutional if it treats race as one factor among many. The purpose is to achieve a diverse class, and it does not substitute for individualized review of a canidate. -
Meredith v. Jefferson Co Board
Meredith v. Jefferson County-This case was decided by the United States Supreme Court , they rejected the that racial balancing of demographics in public schools was urging the state interest. -
Gratz v. Bollinger
A state University's admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because its ranking system gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than making individual determinations. (violated the 14th Amendment). -
Shelby Country v. Holder
In the case of Shelby Country v. Holder- The United States Supreme Court case regarding the constitutionality of two provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which stated certain states and local governments to obtain federal preclearance before implementing any changes to their voting.