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Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
- Civil Rights: goal to protect an individuals freedom from the government
- A group of students founded CORE
- Counseled migrants and black social workers
- 1st action: sit-in at segregated coffee shop
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Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
- Color line: a barrier that separated whites and nonwhites by law, economical, custom and differences
- The Brooklyn Dodger general manager, Branch Rickey, hire Jackie Robinson to play
- Became the first black player in the major leagues
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Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: the forced separation of races in public places
-President Truman signed an order ending segregation in the military
-Before the signing, many black people refused to fight for a segregated army -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam (aka Black Muslims): a religious group that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities -Malcom X: - -
Brown vs Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case. NAACP's lawyer.
-Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school that was closer to her home. Case was argued in front of the Warren Court
-Public Schools because de-segregated -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott: a peaceful protest where people refuse to buy or use certain goods
-Rosa Parks: a black civil rights activist that was well spoken and had a solid reputation in her community got arrested which motivated the boycott movement
- The MIA wanted to hold a boycott, and chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead it
-The Montgomery Bus Boycott was black people refused to ride the bus, instead they carpooled or got taxis. -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: 9 black students were integrated into a white school in Arkansas -The Little Rock Nine were guarded by troops to make sure the -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws: the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites
-Sit-ins: A peaceful protest where protestors sat down in a public place and refused to move, making the business to loose customers
-Four African American students from North Carolina's Agricultural and Technical College sat at the counter of Woolsworth's drugstore in Greensboro which was "whites only".
-They were denied service and stayed until the store closed. They returned the next day with about twenty others -
Freedom Rides
-Civil desobedience -
Birmingham Campaign
-SCLC
- Matin Luther King Jr., the SCLC, and Reverend Fred L. Shuttlesworth organized a series of peaceful protests/actions against the segregation
-Martin Luther King Jr called Birmingham, Alabama the most segregated city in the country -
March on Washington
-NAACP - -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy vs Ferguson
-JFK and MLK were pushing a civil rights bill when JFK was assassinated, LBJ resumed pushing the bill until it was passed
-The act banned discrimination due to race, sex, religion, or national origins -
Voting Rights of 1965
-Disenfranchise -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
-Kerner Commission: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
-Ghettos: a part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
- Watts Riot: a 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
- During the Riot, 34 people died, almost 900 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested. -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black power: the call by many civil rights activists, beginning in the mid-1960s, for African Americans to have economic and political power, with an emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protest
-SNCC
-A group that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination - -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-Desegregation
-The 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action
- A Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
-After hearing both sides of the argument, the court was divided. One man, Lewis Powell, was left to chose a side. He chose the side for against segregating schools -
Congressional Black Caucus Formed
- Voter-Registration Drive -
