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Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
-Color Line: a barrier that separated whites and nonwhite
-Branch Rickey hired Robinson and he crossed the color line
-Robinson played for a minor league team and took the Dodgers uniform in 1947 -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: setting two things or people apart from one another
-Truman issued an executive order to end segregation in the military
-Desegregation was necessary for political reasons and moral grounds -
Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
-Civil Rights: goal to protect individual freedom from the government
-A group of students founded
-Counseled migrants and black social workers
-First action: sit-in at segregated coffee shop -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X: a religious group that promoted separation for the white society, Malcom X was a black muslim apart of this
-Malcom X rejected the goals of the civil rights movement
-They used nonviolence to bring change -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: argued for the case. NAACP's lawyer.
-Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school closer to her home, case was argued in front of the Warren Court
-Brown wins
-Public Schools became de-segregated -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (Start)
-Boycott & Rosa Parks: Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat which caused people to stop riding the bus
-MJK was chosen to lead the boycott by the MIA
-Boycott resulted in integration of the bus system -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: The nine black students that joined Central High School
-A federal judge ordered schools to desegregate in Little Rock
-One of the students was surrounded by an angry crowd of white people -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
-Jim Crow Laws & Sit-In: laws passed to end segregation and let everyone go to the lunch counter
-Four black students sat down at the lunch counter
-Many blacks started doing sit ins and it was good for the civil rights movement -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience & SNCC: The SNCC trained students to nonviolently disobey the law
-Freedom Rides were organized by the CORE
-Whites and Blacks rode buses to test if the Supreme Court was ruling against segregation on transportation -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC: African American civil rights organization
-In the letter, King explained why African Americans were using disobedience and other actions to protest segregation
-King and other people were arrested -
March on Washington
-NAACP: an organization to work for the betterment of colored people and stop segregation
-250k people marched for jobs and freedom
-Philip Randolph started the march in 1941 -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson: law case that upheld segregation laws
-MJK inspired the nation to end discrimination
-The act is the most important law since Reconstruction -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: depriving someone the right to vote
-Congress passed the act to gain the right to vote for African Americans
-The number of blacks registered to vote had risen by a lot -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission & Ghettos:
-The riot lasted for 6 days and took place in Watt
-It was caused by frustrations about certain mistreatments -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: movement in support of the rights and power of African Americans
-a group founded by the blacks to demand rights and prepare violence
-The party was a symbol of staying together and not giving up -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: prejudice treatment of categories of people
-Law passed by Congress that banned discrimination on sale, rental and housing
-Passed be of Kings death and he wanted economic equality -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
-Desegregation: ending segregation
-Supreme Court ruling that busing was a way to achieve school integration
-Under this plan, some students were bused to schools outside their neighborhood -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative Action: an action favoring those who suffer from discrimination
-Was a Supreme Court ruling that upheld affirmative action and declared that sole criterion is not a factor in school admission
-Court ordered that Bakke will be admitted to the university
