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A case in which the Supreme Court ruled the separation of the races in public places was legal, thus establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine.
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Civil rights organization to advance justice for African-Americans.
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Racial prejudice against African Americans in the North sometimes took violent forms. In July of 1917, white workers were furious over the hiring of African Americans as strikebreakers at a munitions plant, rampaged through the streets. Fourty blacks and nine whites dead.
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Malcom X's philosophy of black superiority and separatism from whites fueled the anger in rioters.
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Thurgood Marshall was the first African-American Supreme Court justice. He fought against racism throughout his whole life and was able to help end segregation in schools in the Brown v. Board of Education case.
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A case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional.
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De facto: racial separation established by practice and custom, not by law.
De jure: racial separation established by law. -
A protest against segregation in public transportation.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader. He based his ideas on the teachings of several people. He took the concept of civil disobedience from Thoreau, learned to organize massive demonstrations from Randolph, and from Gandhi, learned to resist oppression without violence.
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An African-American teenager who was lynched at the age of 14.
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Rosa Parks refused to move into an empty seat so that a white man didn't have to sit near African Americans. This brought attention to MLK, who would soon help lead the boycott.
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Nine African American students volunteered to integrate Little Rock's Central High School as the first step in Blossom's Plan.
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a form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest discrimination, in which the protesters sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave until they are served.
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Civil rights activists who rode buses through the south in the early 1960s to challenge segregation.
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On May 2, over a thousand African-American children marched in Birmingham; 959 were arrested. The next day, a second wave of children came to march and faced police that struck them off their feet with high-pressure fire hoses, set attack dogs on them, and clubbed whoever fell. As these protests continued and appeared negatively on media, it convinced Birmingham officials to end segregation.
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200,000 Americans gathered in Washington D.C. for a political rally known as the March on Washington for jobs and freedoms. Designed to shed light on the political and social issues African Americans face currently.
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Abolished poll tax for federal elections. (Had to pay taxes for voting)
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A law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces.
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MLK announced a 50-mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital, and chaos ensued during this protest with police brutally trying to get rid of them and arrest them. Ten days after that, President Johnson presented Congress a new voting rights act which was passed after many more people started to join the march.
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A law that made it easier for African Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level.
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A political party that fought against police brutality in the ghetto. They established daycare centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics, assistance to the homeless, and other services.
