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Jul 2, 964
Civil rights act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing. The Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs. It also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools. -
Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act
the first federal law to affirm that all U.S. citizens are equally protected under the law. The Act also defined citizenship and made it illegal to deny any person the rights of citizenship on the basis of their race or color. (source: https://www.thoughtco.com/civil-rights-act-of-1866-4164345#:~:text=The%20Civil%20Rights%20Act%20of%201866%20was%20the%20first%20federal,of%20their%20race%20or%20color.) -
14th amendment
granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” (Source: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fourteenth-amendment) -
15th Amendment
Granted African American men the right to vote -
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The first Women's Suffrage amendment
Senator Aaron Sargent introduced a resolution for an amendment to the Constitution to provide for woman suffrage: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”, However the bill failed in 1887 -
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Plessy V. Ferguson
the first major inquiry into the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal-protection clause, which prohibits the states from denying “equal protection of the laws” to any person within their jurisdictions. Homer Plessy,who was one-eighth African American, purchased a rail ticket for travel within Louisiana and took a seat in a car reserved for white passengers. After refusing to move to a car for African Americans, he was arrested and charged with violating the Separate Car Act. -
NAACP was founded
The NAACP stands for, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP's mission is to secure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights in order to eliminate race-based discrimination and ensure the health and well-being of all persons
(https://www.naacp.org/about-us/) -
19th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. (https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xix) -
Shelley v. Kraemer
A U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court declared so-called restrictive covenants in real property deeds that prohibited the sale of property to non-Caucasians to be unconstitutional and in violation of the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment.
(https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/shelley_v_kraemer_(1948)) -
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Brown v. The Board of Education
a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.
(https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka) -
National Organization for Women (NOW)
The National Organization for Women was established by a small group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in all areas of American society. Among the issues that NOW addresses by means of lobbying, demonstrations, and litigation are child care, pregnancy leave, abortion rights, and pension rights. Its initial major concern was passage of a national Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Organization-for-Women) -
Green V. County school Board of New Kent County
The Supreme Court's decision Green v. County School Board retained flexibility for states and local school boards to craft their own desegregation plans, but reaffirmed the Court's willingness to intervene if those plans did not provide substantial and swift progress in complying with the edicts of Brown v. Board of Education.
(https://law.jrank.org/pages/13358/Green-v-County-School-Board.html) -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Swann is important for its endorsement of school busing as a means of achieving racial integration.
In 1955, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered school districts to pursue integration "with all deliberate speed." -
Rosa parks refuses to give up her seat
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger while she was seated in the "colored section" of a Montgomery city bus. Parks is considered the mother of the civil rights movement, as this act initiated the 13-month Montgomery Bus Boycott
(https://www.nbcnews.com/nerdwatch/video/60-years-ago-rosa-parks-refused-to-give-up-her-seat-577171011884) -
Proposition 209 – California
Proposition 209 added Section 31 to the California Constitution's Declaration of Rights, which said that the state cannot discriminate against or grant preferential treatment on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, and public contracting.[1] Therefore, Proposition 209 banned the use of affirmative action involving race-based or sex-based preferences in California