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White Primary is abolished in GA
The White Primary kept African Americans from voting post-Civil War. They had been given the right to vote, but the loophole was that nothing had been stated about primary elections. This allowed blacks to be kept from voting in primaries. Georgia was a one-party state, so the primary was pretty much the general election. Since the blacks couldn't vote in the primary, they basically had no say because the winnner had already been chosen. The King v. Chapman case ruled that white primaries were -
White Primary is abolished in GA 2
against the Consitution. 1946 was the first year the blacks were allowed to participate in primary voting ever since they gained the right to vote at all. http://ss8h11.wordpress.com/ss8h11-section-a/the-end-of-the-white-primary/
PIC: http://www.historycentral.com/AfiricanAmerican/WhitePrimaryIllegal.html -
Period: to
Civil Rights Movement
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Integration of the Armed Forces
President Harry S. Truman signed the order that desegregated the Armed Forces. He did this because he believed that people all deserve equal treatment - no matter their race or religion. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology
PIC: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology -
Brown v. Board of Education
This case argued that the "separate but equal" rule should not apply to public schools. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court. Evidence of the situation was taken from multiple states and situations. http://www.nationalcenter.org/brown.html
PIC: http://tinyurl.com/7y7hcf7 -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
In the afternoon of December 1st, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to give up her bus seat to a white person. She was put in jail and bailed out. Then, on December 5th, the boycott took place. While Rosa Parks was in court, masses of black citizens refused to travel by bus. http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/article_overview.htm
PIC: http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/article_overview.htm -
Change to GA's state flag
John Sammons Bell, Willis Harden, and Jefferson Lee Davis proposed the idea for Georgia to change the state flag. They wanted the Confederate flag to be included in the new flag. The meaning of that was argued because some said it was a racist statement. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2671
PIC: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2671 -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
Central High School, located in Little Rock, Arkansas, became integrated during this time. Nine African-American children attempted to become students at the school, but resistence occured. In order to allow the children in, they had to be escorted by the U.S. Army. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=718
PIC: http://pbskids.org/wayback/civilrights/features_school.html -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
At Atlanta's most important and largest synogogue, 50 dynamite sticks were used to destroy the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation. Some portions of the temple were obtained only minor damage, but other parts were obliterated and demolished. No injuries or deaths were caused, but this bombing startled Atlanta significantly. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1585
PIC: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1585 -
Sibley Commission
Due to the large number of school systems' refusals to integrate, the Georgia General Assembly decided to stop giving any money to the schools that would not desegregate. After many citizens were surveyed, it was discovered that a lot of people would rather close the schools than allow all races to enroll! Also, private schools became popular because whites could pay to go to school with only whites. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2617 (same for pic) -
Freedom Rides
Freedom rides were desegregated bus rides endorsed by the Congress on Racial Equality. These occured in the South from the spring of 1961 through the summer. These rides compelled support for the African-Americans seeking integration. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3618&hl=y
PIC: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3618&hl=y -
Albany Movement
According to records of the Albany Movement, it occured from the fall of 1961, until summer of 1962. This was the first movement of its kind because the goal was to completely integrate the entire community. The Albany Movement caused over 1,000 African Americans to be put into jail. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1057&hl=y (same for pic) -
Integration of The University of Georgia
Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, were the first two African-American students to attend UGA. They had to be escorted by police. Alumni and current studens were bothered by this and preferred that the school be closed rather than allow blacks. The two students went on to be highly successful citizens, so they absolutely deserved to be there as much, if not more than, any of the white students. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3616 (same for pic) -
Birmingham, AL protests
The Birmingham protests, AKA the Birmingham Campaign, was a campaign to fight Birmingham's way of segregation. This included sit-ins, boycotts, marches, and more. Hundreds of participants were arrested during these protests. http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/
encyclopedia/enc_birmingham_campaign/
PIC: http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=55952 -
March on Washington DC
Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, this event was located in Washington, D.C. Approximately 250,00 people participated - about one-fourth of them white. The march is recognized for its supreme civility. Participants did not cause problems, so the large amount of law enforcement available was unnecessary. This event was the largest of its kind in the nation's capital and was covered majorly on television. http://tinyurl.com/ylhhr7w
PIC: http://tinyurl.com/32wb2t7 -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed
On the morning of this Sunday, the KKK bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church, located in Birmingham, AL. This incident caused the death of four African-American girls. There was no warning or knowledge of the bombing before-hand. The event came as a huge shock to our nation. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al11.htm (same for pic) -
John F. Kennedy assassinated
President John F. Kennedy was shot around 12:30 p.m. on November 22. He was shot in the head and neck, while the Governor Connally was shot in the chest. He was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, but was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m. after receiving the last rites from a Catholic priest. His passing was a tremendous tragedy in the eyes of our nation. http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx (same for pic) -
Civil Rights Act 1964 passed
This act, proposed by Kennedy and put into place by Johnson, made discrimination due to race a crime. No racism was allowed in public areas such as movie theaters, restaurants, and more. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivil64.htm
PIC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed
This act was approved by President Lyndon Johnson. It allowed citizens of all races to vote. It also outlawed practices such as literacy tests and poll taxes that were previously used. http://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100
PIC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act -
Summerhill Race Riot (ATL)
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Stokely Carmichael were blamed for stirring up trouble after a police officer shot an alleged automobile theif. After the riots, which lasted for four days, there was one person dead and 20 hurt. The mayor then helped to bring back order in Summerhill. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_(Atlanta) http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/store/Products/85950-summerhill-race-riot.aspx (same for pic) -
MLK assassinated
Martin Luther King, Jr., a Civil Rights activist, was shot on his motel room balcony. He died due to this incident. His passing caused a large amount of controversy and difficulties. A man was arrested for his death, but it is not certain if he was the true shooter. Also, followers of his lashed out because their role model had been shot. http://history1900s.about.com/cs/martinlutherking/a/mlkassass.htm
PIC:http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716 -
All GA schools integrated
The desegregation of schools in Georgia was not complete until 1971. Many white citizens thought that closing schools was a better idea than integrating them. Private schools also boomed because parents of white children were willing to pay tuition so that they would be able to go to school with only other white kids. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716
PIC: http://sites.bergen.org/ourstory/projects/separate_BOE/index.htm
