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13th Amendment
The thirteenth amendment made slavery contraband in the nation and abolished involuntary servitude of a person unless it is in the due case of a crime. This was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments, created in response to the Civil War. -
14th Amendment
The fourteenth amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. This amendment was proposed in light of the issues relating to former slaves after the Civil War. The topic of abortion had received landmark decisions from this amendment. Also in the fourteenth amendment, several clauses were inducted, including the Citizenship Clause, Due Process Clause, and the recently discussed Equal Protection Clause. -
15th Amendment
The fifteenth amendment started the prohibition of federal and state governments from denying a citizen's right to vote based on their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". From 1890 to 1910 however, black voters were often disfranchised and were tolled poll taxes and literary tests within the South, showing an especially narrow outlook on the amendment, which was reviewed later, although similar discriminatory results prevailed beyond then. This was the final of the three Reconstru -
Jim Crown
Jim Crown law began from 1876-1965, they were racial segregation laws, and it was also dejure recial segration in all public facilities in southern such as pulic school, some public places, pulic transportation, restaurant for both white and black people. -
Poll Taxes
A de facto applied on the ability to vote that was largely a Confederate exercise, poll taxes emerged from the Jim Crow laws to limit the ability for African Americans to vote, requiring an extra fee as a prerequisite for voting. These taxes also disfranchised Native Americans and poor voters as they were implemented. -
Literacy Tests
The government practice of testing the literacy of the United States Citizens at a Federal level and testing voters at a state level. The tests were devised to restrict the total number of votes from immigrants whilst attempting to not offend a large population of ethnic voters, although it was used in southern states to deny suffrage to the African Americans, while white Americans were exempt from the tests if they were able to meet other voting requirements. -
Plessy VS. Ferguson
It is a land mark United States surpreme court decision upholding the constitutionally of state laws requring recial segregation in public facilities under the dectine of seprate but equal." Seprate but equal" remained standard dectrine in U.S. laws until repuliation in the 1954 supreme Court decision brown V. Borad of Education. -
!9th amendment
United states constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the Right to vote on basic of sex. Constitution allows the states to determine the qualification for voting and until 1910s most states disentranchisel women. -
Equal Rights Amendment
Equal Rights Amendment or ERA approped amendement to the United States constitution designed to guarantee equal rigt for women. In 1923, it was produced in the congress for the first time. In1942 uit passed both house of congress and went to the state legislaures for ratification. -
Korematsu v. United States
This Supreme Court case questioned the constitutionality of placing Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of what citizenship they have possessed. The Court sided with the government, saying the protection against espionage outweighed Fred Korematsu's individual rights and other similar Japanese Americans. While this decision has not been particularly overturned, the Department of Justice has called the decision an error. -
Sweatt v. Painter
A Supreme Court Case that involved the black Man Heman Marion Sweatt being refused admission to the School of Law at the University of Texas on the grounds that integrated education was prohibited by the Texas State Constitution. This court case challenged the separate but equal doctrine on racial segregation and was influential to Brown v. Board of Education just four years later. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark court case that declared that establishing separate schools for black and white students, or de jure racial segregation, is unconstitutional and a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. This court case overturned state-sponsored segregation established in Plessy v. Ferguson. -
Ruby Bridges
Ruby Nell Bridges Hall born 9/8/1954, she is African American activist know for being the first black child to attend an all-white children at elementary school. Begin at spring 1960, bridges was six year olds black children to pass the test determined wheter or not they could go to all- white school. -
Montogomery Bus boycott
This is a semial event in U.S civil right movement, it was a political and social protestion campain agaisted the polocy of racail segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery in Alabama. -
Affirmative action
is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who are perceived to suffer from discrimination within a cultureThe nature of positive discrimination policies varies from region to region. Some countries, such as India, use a quota system, whereby a certain percentage of jobs or school vacancies must be set aside for members of a certain group. In some other regions, specific quotas do not exist; instead, members of minorities are given preference in selection processes.The term "aff -
24th Amendment
The twenty-fourth amendment introduced the injunction of allowing for votes on Federal and state grounds to be conducted through poll or any other sort of tax conduit. When adopted, five other states still used taxation on voting, but was then ruled unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment through the court case of Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark piece of legislation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The Act ended unequal application to voter registration and racial segregation in workplaces and schools. They were weak initially, but time implemented these rights to be more absolute. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prevented any racial discrimination within the voting process. It was signed at the height of the Civil Rights movement. The act itself was amended five times to expand its protections, focusing on the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments of the Constitution. -
Loving v. Virginia
The case became a landmark civil rights decision which had invalidated any prohibition violating interracial marriage. The case was brought by the couple Mildred Loving, a black woman and Richard Loving, a white woman, as the couple were sentenced to a year in prison within the state of Virginia for marrying each other, which back then violated Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924. -
Robert kenendy Speech in Indianapolis upon death of MLK
In April 4,1968, Robert Kenedy had a speech on the assassination of Dr.King in Indianapolis, Indiana. Robert Kenedy is a senator of New ork, and he was campaining to earn 1968 democratic presidential nomination when Kenedy learned that Dr.King had been assassinated. Kenedy was a first to pulicly inform the audiance of Dr.King assassination causing members of the audiance to scream and wail in belife. Kenedy spoke to the audiance about the threat of disillusion and diviveness at King's death. -
Reed v. Reed
An Equal Protection case fought by a married couple that had separated that was ruled that the administrators of an estate cannot be determined in a way that discriminates between the sexes. The court case was fought over an Idaho estate left by the couple's deceased son, where the initial ruling for administering estates was that "males must be preferred to females". -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
This Supreme Court case brought fourth affirmative action, more specifically being that race would be one of several factors in the college admission policy, although it also ruled that some quotas were impermissible. Debate over affirmative action is unresolved, as some opponents of the case do believe it is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. -
Bowers v. Hardwick
It is a United Supreme Court decision overturned in 2003, that unheld in a 5-4 ruling the constitutionally of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consting adults when applied to homosexuals. A concurring opion by Chief Justice Warren E Burger cited the accient roots of prohibitions against homosexuals -
Same-Sex Marriage in Indiana
While same-sex marriage has been contraband in Indiana since 1986, efforts have been made to amend this view. With legislation passed in 1997, Indiana has refused to recognized such marriages, although the case of Baskin v. Bogin had lifted this outlook temporarily with its inception on June 25, 2014. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Americans with Disabilities Act or ADA is a law that was enacted by U.S. Congress in 1990. Senator Tom Harkin authored the hill and was its chief sposor in the senate. It was sign into the law on July 26,1990 by president Geogre W Bush -
Lawrence V. Texas
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Lawrence V. Texas
It is landmark decision by the United States supreme court. In 6-3 ruling the court stuck down the sodomy law in Texas and by extension invalidated sodomy laws in thirteen other states making same sex-sexual activity legal in every U.S states territory. -
Fish V. Texas
is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Texas at Austin. The Supreme Court voided the lower appellate court's ruling in favor of the University and remanded the case, holding that the lower court had not applied the standard of strict scrutiny, articulated in Grutter v. Bollinger and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, to the University's admissions program.
