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March on D.C.
A. Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington, D.C. in 1941 to support demands for elimination of employment discrimination in defense industries; he called off the march when the Roosevelt administration met the demand by issuing Executive Order 8802 barring racial discrimination and creating an agency to oversee compliance with the order. -
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Civil Rights Progression
sources:
History.com Staff. "Civil Rights Movement." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 26 Apr. 2017. Carson, Clayborne. "American Civil Rights Movement." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 27 Jan. 2017. Web. 26 Apr. 2017.
"The Civil Rights Movement: Major Events and Legacies." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. N.p., 30 July 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2017. -
Brown v. Board of Education
In the spring of 1951, black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state's segregated educational system. Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility. When the students did not budge, the NAACP joined their battle against school segregation. The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school systems; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education. -
Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, local leader Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. She was arrested and received national publicity, hailed as the "mother of the civil rights movement. Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Center in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience as a strategy was taught. African-Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott. -
Little Rock Arkansas
in Little Rock, Arkansas when Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent entry to the nine African-American students who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school, Little Rock Central High School. .
On the first day of school, only one of the nine students showed up. She was harassed by white protesters outside the school. Afterward, the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps. -
Ku Klux KIan Terror
The Jim Crow system employed "terror as a means of social control," with the most organized being the KKK and their in local police departments. This violence played a key role in stopping the progress of the CRM in the late 1950s. Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self-defense. The first to do so openly was the Monroe, North Carolina chapter of the NAACP led by Robert F. Williams.He rebuilt the chapter after its membership was out of public life by the Klan. -
Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
In July 1958, the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit-ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita, Kansas. After three weeks, the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating, and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated. This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit-in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper, which also was successful. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides were journeys by Civil Rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, (1960) 364 U.S., which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel. Organized by CORE, the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. -
The whirlwinds of revolt
During the March on Washington, Martin Luther King would refer to such protests as "the whirlwinds of revolt." In Chicago, blacks rioted through the South Side in late May after a white police officer shot a fourteen-year-old black boy who was fleeing the scene of a robbery. Violent clashes between black activists and white workers took place in both Philadelphia and
Harlem in successful efforts to integrate state construction projects. -
Albany Movement
The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC, however, when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963. Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign. It focused on one goal—the desegregation of Birmingham's downtown merchants, rather than total desegregation, as in Albany. -
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.
