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14th Amendment
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fourteenth-amendment]
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former enslaved people and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” It was one of three amendments passed during the "Reconstruction era" to abolish slavery and establish civil and legal rights for "Black Americans." -
15th Amendment
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fifteenth-amendment]
Granted african american men the right to vote. Yet people practiced discriminatory acts to prevent blacks from exercising their right to vote, especially in the South. It wasn’t until the "Voting Rights Act of 1965" that legal barriers were outlawed at the state and local levels if they denied African-Americans their right to vote under the 15th Amendment. -
The 1st Women’s Suffrage Amendment was introduced in Congress, but was defeated
[https://www.history.com/news/american-womens-suffrage-19th-amendment-one-mans-vote]
Women weren't able to haves rights to vote, own property, sign contracts, and other basic rights. After the Civil War, during the debate over the new constitutional amendments giving civil and political rights (including suffrage) to newly freed slaves. Women were eventually given voting rights, yet universal suffrage has not yet won. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson]
The case came from an 1892 act in which Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people. The Court ruled that the protections of 14th Amendment applied only to "political and civil rights" not “social rights.” The Plessy v. Ferguson verdict idolize the doctrine of “separate but equal” as a constitutional justification for segregation, ensuring the survival of the Jim Crow South for the "next 50 years." -
NAACP is founded
[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/naacp-is-founded-in-new-york-city]
A group that included African American leaders such as "W.E.B. Du Bois" and "Ida B. Wells-Barnett" announced the formation of a new organization, called the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People," it would have a heartfelt effect on the struggle for civil rights... -
19th Amendment
[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/19th-amendment-ratified-tennessee-thanks-to-one-vote]
In the Tennessee House of Representatives ends with the state ratifying the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, and after decades of struggle and protest by suffragettes, the final vote was made by a man named Febb Ensminger Burn who changed is vote after receiving a letter from his mother. -
Shelley v. Kraemer
[https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/334us1]
In 1911, a St. Louis, Missouri neighborhood enacted a racially restrictive covenant designed to prevent African-Americans and Asian-Americans from living in the area. the Shelleys) moved into the neighborhood. Louis Kraemer brought suit to enforce the covenant and prevent the Shelleys from moving into their house. This aroused a lawsuit. A state enforcing a discriminatory covenant would violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -
Brown v. Board of Education
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka]
"Brown v. Board of Education" was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the example that “separate but equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all. -
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks]
By not moving from her seat when told to then getting arrested for it help initiated the "civil right movement" in the U.S.
Her actions inspired the leaders of the local Black community to organize the "Montgomery Bus Boycott." -
Congress passes the 1st Civil Rights Act
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act]
After when JFK entered the white house and saw the acts of police brutality he decided to act; he proposed the most comprehensive civil rights legislation to date, saying the U.S "will not be fully free until all of its citizens are free.” After JFK's assassination, Lyndon Johnson took lace and signs the "Civil Rights Act of 1964." The Senate voted 73-27 in favor of the bill, and Johnson signed it into law on July 2, 1964." -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act]
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. -
NOW (National Organization of Women) formed
[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/06/30/day-history-national-organization-women-was-founded]
An organization that is part of a women's rights movement in relation to a civil right movement, founded by "Betty Friedan." This organization fights for rights against "sex discrimination, sexual assault and power-based personal violence." -
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-v-County-School-Board-of-New-Kent-County]
Started with 1st and 8th graders to choose their schools. A case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on ruled that a “freedom-of-choice” provision in a Virginia school board’s desegregation plan was unacceptable because there were available alternatives that promised a quicker and more-effective conversion to a school system that was not racially segregated. Desegregation increased across the country after. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
[https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970/281]
Busing was used by white officials to maintain segregation. The "NAACP," on behalf of Vera and Darius Swann sued the "Charlotte-Mecklenburg school" district to allow their son to attend "Seversville Elementary School." In later decades, court-ordered busing plans were criticized not only by whites but also by african americans, who often charged that busing harmed african american students by requiring them to endure long commutes to and from school. -
Proposition 209 – California
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_209]
A California ballot proposition which amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education.
