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Jim Crow Laws
A formal, codified system of racial segregation that dominated the South. It mandated segregation of public places like schools, parks, libraries, fountains, restrooms, transportation and restaurants.
Source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/freedom-riders-jim-crow-laws/ -
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was one of the earliest civil rights organizations in the US. In early years they focused on legal strategies, calling for anti-lynching laws and challenged segregation in public schools. It also played a role in organizing the March on Washington and lobbying for legislation that led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Act. .
Source: http://www.history.com/topics/naacp -
CORE
The Congress of Racial Equality launched a series of initiatives: the Freedom Rides that aimed to desegregate public facilities, the Freedom Summer voter registration and the March on Washington. Initially CORE was a non-violent group but shifted by the late 60's towards black nationalism and separatism. .
Source: http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/congress-of-racial-equality -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown attendance to an all white school that was close to her house so her father sued. Thurgood Marshall argued that separate schools were unequal and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendments. This case ended segregation in schools.
Source: https://quizlet.com/5203883/apush-unit-19-and-20-flash-cards/ -
Martin Luther King Jr.
MLK was a pastor that believed in non-violent resistance. He became the face and leader of the Civil Rights movement. He was assassinated in 1968.
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Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were nine black students that were trying to attend an all white school in Little Rock, Arkansas which was the first school to be integrated.
Source: notes -
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Coalition was mainly ministers fighting for civil rights.
Source: notes -
SNCC
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was formed to give younger blacks a voice and it became a radical branch. They played a large part in Freedom Rides aimed at desegregating buses and organized 'wade-ins' at beaches and 'read-ins' at libraries.
Source: notes / http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc -
Black Power and Stokely Carmicheal
Black power was an ideology that blacks should control their own social, economic and political lives that made whites feel threatened because they equated black power with violence. Stokely Carmichael was a leader is this movement, he had been a member of SNCC but didn't think their goals were being reached.
Source: notes -
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was a spokesman for Nation of Islam that disagreed with MLK about the non-violent approach to civil rights. He advocated for separation from whites and self-defense from prejudice and violence. He was assassinated in 1965.
Source: notes -
John F. Kennedy's Role in the Civil Rights Movement
After his election Kennedy gave speeches that made it clear he was a supporter of civil rights. He put pressure of the fed. govt. to employ more blacks and brought 57 law suits against local officials for obstructing blacks voting rights. He also created the CEEO (Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity).
Source: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-civil-rights-movement-in-america-1945-to-1968/john-kennedy-and-civil-rights/ -
Greensboro Woolworth Sit-ins
Black students sat down at all-white lunch counter where they were refused service and stayed until they received service. This was a form of protest known as civil disobedience.
Source: notes -
James Meredith and Ole Miss
After a legal battle James Meredith, an African-american man, tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Riots broke out on Ole Miss campus where 2 died and hundreds were injured and arrested. The Kennedy administration called for 31,000 National Guardsmen to restore order though Meredith still received threats on campus.
Source: http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/ole-miss-integration -
24th Amendment
Ended mandatory poll taxes that prevented African Americans from voting and having political power.
Source: http://kids.laws.com/24th-amendment -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil rights and US labor law that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It also prohibited unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 -
Lyndon B. Johnson's Role in the Civil Rights Movement
President Johnson had a more critical role in the Civil Rights Movements and he put several acts and committees in place. He signed the Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Voting Rights Act 1965 and passed the 24th amendment.
Source: notes -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Signed into law by President Johnson, it aimed to overcome the legal barriers that prevented blacks from voting. It banned literary tests and asked for federal oversight of voting.
Source: notes / http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act -
Black Panthers and Huey Newtown
Bobby Seale and Huey Newton formed the Black Panthers. It was a social organization that helped impoverished blacks, fight injustice and demonstrated black pride. They had a radical agenda that accepted violence as a means of getting equal rights.
Source: notes -
Kerner Commission
Founded by President Johnson to investigate the cause of the 60's race riots and blamed the riots on an 'explosive mixture' of poverty, slum housing, poor education and police brutality caused by 'white racism'. It advised federal spending to create new jobs for black, construct additional housing and end school segregation.
Source: https://quizlet.com/2129532/apush-ch-30-flash-cards/ -
Assassination of MLK, Jr.
MLK, Jr. was shot while standing on the second-floor balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. He was in Memphis to support a sanitation worker's strike and was struck in the jaw and severed his spinal cord. He was pronounced dead after arriving at a Memphis hospital.
Source: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dr-king-is-assassinated
