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The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (Brown v. Board)
Who or what group was involved: Oliver and 13 other parents
Summary: Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. Helped establish the precedent that "separate-but-equal" education and other services were not equal at all. -
Montgomery bus boycott
Who or what groups were involved: blacks
Summary: Protest during which African American refused to ride city buses in Montgomery to protest segregated seating
Result/ Achieve: U.S supreme court ruling that segregation on public buses in unconstitutional. -
Little Rock Nine
Who or what group was involved: Nine African Americans.
Summary: They were trying to prevent African Americans from enrolling into Central High. That school was only for whites.
Result: Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis. The students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus. -
Sit-Ins
Who or what group was involved: four young black people
Summary: The four black guys went to go eat lunch and then the lunch counter staff refused to serve them and the white customers were harassing them.
Result: The impact sit-ins had on the civil right movement proved to be invaluable to changing policies and norms in the 1960s -
Freedom Riders
Who or what group was involved: interracial groups
Summary: 7 blacks and 6 whites rode a bus to test the supreme court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia hat declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional
Result: the attorney general petitioned the interstate commerce commission to issue a ruling against segregation of interstate facilities... also, African American got to ride the bus without segregation. -
Birmingham Demonstrations
Who or what group was involved: Martin Luther King Jr., President Kennedy, and the Civil Right leaders
Summary: The effect of this act was to focus on television, newspapers, and to focus on the street of Birmingham. They, the civil rights leaders, used powerful fire hoses to wash small children from the streets.
Result: there were a lot of bombing within May and September killing four young African American girls. -
March on Washington
Who or what group was involved: labor leaders, clergy, liberals, and grassroots works
Summary: thousands of demonstrators from all over the country were transported by buses and trains. It was the largest crowd to ever attend a civil rights demonstrations.
Result: The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress.