-
Partially black man Homer Plessy violated the Jim Crow laws. He took the issue of the right to segregation according to the constitutuon to court. It was ruled that segregation was permitted by law. Set precedent for following court cases.
-
Headed by W.E.B. DuBois this organization ran a campaigning court which challenged the legal basis for segregation. Believed it could use the legal system to tear down the Jim Crow laws using the 14th ammendment. Helped lawyers figthing their cause financially and academcially.
-
Elijah Muhammad, the movement's leader, made Malcolm the spokesperson for Black Muslims. Malcolm delivered a strong message stating that whites were not to be trusted. Malcolm believed violence was justified in self-defense.
-
Ruled that segregated public school are illegal under the constitution. Segregation was supposed to be seperate yet equal. Court used sociology as supporting evidence to the claim that segregated schooling is unequal by nature.
-
Following the Rosa Parks incident, a group led by Martin Luther King Jr. organized an African-American boycott of bus travel for the 5th of December. Success persuaded the group to continue the boycott until the segregation laws were ruled unconstitutional.
-
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was a civil rights, non-violent protest group founded and led by Martin Luther King Jr. following the bus boycott. Views shaped by black ministers from the African American church.
-
Increased protection of African-American voting rights, established the Civil Rights division in the Justice Department, and gave federal officials the power to prosecute those violating the voting rights. Also created a US Civil Rights Commission to investigate allegations of this crime.
-
Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus had surrounded Central High School with the national guard in order to prevent 3 black students from entering after Brown v Board of education case. Eisenhower sent 1,000 armed paratroops to guard the students and enforce the court order.
-
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Comitee was created by Ella Baker who was afraid that the civil rights groups were becoming out of touch with the African-American youth. She encouraged them to look at the big picture and not get to wrapped up in it.
-
Non-violent protest at a Greensboro diner led to a series of sit ins at college towns throughout South Carolina. Though most protestors were arrested, they were able to get many restraunts to change their segregation policies.
-
It was debated wether a black interstate bus passenger refusing to leave a segregated restraunt at a station was a violation of the Interstate Commerce Act. The Court ruled that it was because the station should be required to offer the same restrictions as the bus.
-
A group of blacks and whites road buses into the South to test the new Insterstate Commerce Commission regulations. They were violently attacked in the South and had to abandon the ride. Inspired many following rides.
-
Meredith was initially blocked from enrolling until Robert Kennedy sent in over 500 people worth of forces to keep the peace. He became the first black to enroll. Wrote books explaining his experience.
-
Non-violent protests and boycotts with the goal of being confronted by the government earning them national recognization and support. Protests were made illegal and over filled jails led to method os dispersement. Agreement to end segregation leads to violence.
-
Way to peacefully bring issues directly to Washington. Speeches such as the "I Have A Dream" speech were given as well as perforcmance. Huge success, spread quickly through media.
-
Congress, CORE, and the SNCC worked together to create a voter registration drive which helped increase the amount of black voters in Mississippi.
-
Ended segregation of public places and banned employment discrimination. Later expanded by Congress.
-
In early Malcolm's February house was bombed. One week later, while addressing the Organization of Afro-American Unity in Washington Heights, Malcolm was fatally shot by rival Black Muslims.
-
Massive group of non-violent demonstrators led by Martin Luther King Jr. to the capital building in Montgomery. The march lasted 5 days and covered 54 miles.
-
Revolutionary group of black nationalists and socialists that reached it's demise in 1982.
-
Martin Luther King Jr was fatally shot in Memphis at Lorraine Motel. His murderer was James Earl Ray who was a known racist.
-
Prohibited housing discrimination which was defined as refusal to rent or sell a property to an individual based on their race.
-
Robert F Kennedy was assassinated in Los Angeles at the Ambassador Hotel. In California he had recently won the primaries for the presidential election.
