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White Primary is Abolished in GA
The White Primary was used to keep blacks from voting after the civil war. Blacks were guaranteed the right to vote in general elections, but the primary was the loophole. There was nothing specific in the US constitution about primary elections. In 1946 King vs. Chapman- the US Supreme Court ruled that white primary system was unconstitutional.
http://www.library.gsu.edu/spcoll/spcollimages/av/lane/jpeg/LBME3-037a.jpg http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org -
Integration of the Armed Forces
President Truman signed the Integration of the Armed Forces. He signed it because he wanted to end segregation in the armed forces. He wanted everyone to be treated equally and things should not be based on race, color, religion, or national origin. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/72-3952.jpg -
Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown vs. Board of Education was a decision made by the US Supreme Court declaring that seperate public schools for black and white students was unconstitutional. It overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson. One of the main people involved is Oliver Brown who was a plaintiff. As a result it was ruled a violation of the 14th amendment. This paved the way for integration.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to move and give her seat to a white passenger. The police was called and she was arrested. Martin Luther King was involved along with many others. The boycott caused the Montgomery transportation system to lose money. The blacks were the ones protesting and they were the bulk of the of the system's paying customers. Finally, the US Supreme Court said segregated buses were unconstitutional.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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Change to GA's State Flag
John Sammons Bell suggested a new state flag that would incorporate the Confederate Battle Flag. It was changed because Judge Bell claimed it would honor our ancestors who fought and died. Picture and Info:
http://www.scvsavannah.com/GeorgiaFlagFacts.html -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
The Little Rock Nine was a group of black students that went to Central High School. The crisis was caused because students were prevented from entering the racially segregated school. When they went to school, troops from the Arkansas National Guard wouldn't let them enter the school. They were followed by mobs threatning them. Picture and Info:
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Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple, a Reform Jewish temple, was bombed on October 12, 1958. No one was injured in the bombing. This synagogue was one of the richest and oldest in Atlanta. They say it was targeted because a white supremacist group said blacks and Jews were aliens. They would bomb any building that had these races. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Hebrew_Benevolent_Congregation_Temple http://tinyurl.com/7cb5xjc -
Sibley Comission
In 1960 Governor Vandiver had to decide whether he was going to close public schools or agree to desegregate them. The Sibley Comission was to get the people's opinions and they would report to the governor. In the end, many wanted public schools to close. However, when Vandiver ordered UGA to close many opinions changed. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-
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Integration of the University of GA
In 1961 Judge W. A. Bootle ordered 2 blacks to be enrolled in UGA. Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter started school and they were faced with mobs and their belongings being damaged. State officials punished the rioters and repealed the laws barring state support of integrated schools. http://crdl.usg.edu/events/uga_integration/ http://osep.uga.edu/uploads/1/Arch__from_the_street_island___2_10-15-03.jpg -
Freedom Riders
Freedom riders were civil rights activists who rode buses into the segregated south to test the desicions made by the US Supreme Court. Their goal was to end racial discrimination. The results were that the word about discrimination got around, it influenced a younger generation, some states in the west got better, and all the publicity helped gain support for the 1967 Referendum. http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/pictures/FreedomRides_big.gif http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/rides.html -
Albany Movement
The Albany Movement was formed in Albany, GA. Its goal was desegregation in an entire community. The movement was led by William G. Andereson and many local activists were involved. Martin Luther King Jr. was also involved. The result was more than 1,000 blacks were arrested. http://tinyurl.com/8a2zjw9 http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1057 -
Birmingham, AL Protests
This was a campaign to show the unequal treatment of blacks in Birmingham, AL. They used nonviolent direct action to defy the law. Wyatt Tee Walker and Fred Shuttlesworth were two of the leaders in this campaign. The protesters had water jets and police dogs on them as a result. http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3649/3444713202_d1ba3556b0.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign -
March on Washington DC
This march was to protest about jobs and freedom. Many African Americans were involved as well as MArin Luther King Jr. During this march is when he gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. This march helped pass the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. http://blog.reidreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/mlk-wash.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham Bombed
They targeted the church because many civil rights leaders met there like Matin Luther King Jr. The dynamite went off and 4 girls died. The church was destroyed and all but a stained glass window was spared. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/randall/bombing/damage.gif -
John F Kennedy Assasinated
Kennedy was shot while he was with his wife and the governor of Texas in Dallas, Texas, at the Dealey Plaza. He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and was fatally shot. Oswald didn't get to stand trial because Jack Ruby assassinated him. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg -
Cicil Rights Act 1964 Passed
The act mainly outlawed discrimination against blacks including racial segregation. Under the 14th amendment all rights would be protected. It was signed by president Johnson. http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/resources/uploads/civil_rights_act_1964.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed
This was an act to help blacks gain the right to vote. Before, literacy tests and poll taxes were used to prevent blacks from voting. It protected many amendments that had to do with voting. President Johnson sigend this act. http://core-online.org/History/voting_rights.htm http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C6vD_bGMDyA/Tj171_PneaI/AAAAAAAAARI/3qpogXOlINk/s1600/vote+4.jpg -
Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
On September 6th, a riot began because of a suspected car thief is shot while running away from a police officer. This riot lasted until the 11th. 138 people were arrested and 35 were injured. http://timelines.ws/20thcent/1966.HTML http://collections.atlantahistorycenter.com/export/get_item_viewer_image.php?alias=/Jenkins&i=30&height=600&width=600 -
MLK Assassinated
MLK was assassinated on April 4, 1968. He was at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN. James Earl Ray was charged with the crime. Riots happened all over the US when the public heard the news. In ATL King's family arranged his funeral. The white mayor of ATL escorted King's wife. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg -
All GA Schools Integrated
GA schools started to integrate, but it was a very slow process. To make the process even slower they started grade by grade. 16 years after Brown vs. Board of Education all schools were finally mixed. http://mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu/students/3090/04SP3090-Jordan.htm http://www.ket.org/kentuckystory/images/ch7a.jpg
