Civil Rights in America

Civil Rights in America

Period: Jan 1, 1850 to Dec 31, 2000

13th Amendment

Jan 31, 1865

Forbaded slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

Black Codes

Dec 31, 1865

Local laws that cotrolled every aspects of black people life in many cities in the South. Black people couldn't for example make eye contact with white people or they had to step out of white person's way.

14th Amendment

Jul 9, 1868

Declared that all persons born in the States were citizens who were entitled to equal rights, regardless of their race, and rights were protected by due process. ( this didn't include Native Americans)

15th Amendment

Feb 3, 1870

This granted African American men the right to vote, but didin't stop tests, black codes to limit voting.

Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming

Dec 31, 1870

Tenant farming was almost like renting, but they rent farm land to be able to work it. Sharecropping was tenant farming, but they had to share a portion of harvest with the land owner.

Lynching

Dec 31, 1870

It was killing black people deemed guilty for a crime without trial, often without proven to guilty. Mainly in the South and it was a way to control black population. Crimes could have been " looking cross at someone" , " robbery and assault" and so on. Mainly 1870-1940, but the last recorded lynching happened in 1980.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Dec 31, 1896

The case which went to U.S Supreme Court. The desicion was that segregation was okay, as long as it was "separate but equal"

Thurgood Marshall

Jul 2, 1908

He was U.S Supreme Court's 96th Asssociate Justice and first African American Justice. He served 1967-1991.

Orval Faubus

Jan 7, 1910

He was the governor of Arkansas and best known for his stand in the desegregation of Little Rock High School in 1957.

Rosa Parks

Feb 4, 1913

Rosa Parks refused the give her seat to a white man in Montgomery Bus boycott in 1955. She worked for NAACP and followed Claudette Colvin's example, but was better figure for boycott than young and pregnant Claudette.

Hector P. Garcia

Jan 17, 1914

He was a Mexican American physician, surgeon, World War 2 veteran, civil rights activist and also the founder of the Ameriacn G.I. Forum.

Lester Maddox

Sep 30, 1915

He was a former restaurant owner and he refused to serve black people. After that he became the governor of Georgia. He was a segregationist, although also oversaw improvements to black employment rights.

George Wallace

Aug 25, 1919

He was a governor of Alabama, pro-segregationist, whose words: " I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever." are famous. Also ran for U.S President.

19th Amendment

Aug 18, 1920

All American got the right to vote, after many protests and petitions since 1848.

Betty Friedan

Feb 4, 1921

She was writer, activist and feminist, a leader in the women's movement. Organized nationwide Women's Strike for Equality on August 23, 1970.

Cesar Chavez

Mar 31, 1927

He was a Mexican American Latino Civil Rights activist, strongly promoted by the American Labor Movement.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Jan 15, 1929

He was the leader of the African American Civil Rights Movement. He used nonviolent action, based on Christian beliefs; he was a Baptist minister, humanitarian and activist. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, for nonviolent actions in combating racial inequality.

20th Amendment

Jan 23, 1933

Sets the dates when federal government elected offices end, and defines who succeeds the president if the president dies.

Federal Housing Administration

Dec 31, 1934

It is a US Government agency, created as a part of the National Housing Act of 1934. Sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building.

Nonviolent protest

Dec 31, 1950

Protests and acts for Civil Rights that didn't include violence, for example sit-ins, marches and boycotts. Different groups such as SCLC, NAACP, SNCC and CORE pursued nonviolent protests.

Desegregation

Jan 1, 1954

Thge process of ending segregation, started before U.S. Supreme Courts decision about Brown v. Board of Education case and lasted long after that.

Brown v. Ferguson

Dec 31, 1954

Case that went to Supreme Court, which stated that separating black and white students was unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Dec 1, 1955

A protest campaign against racial segregation on the public transit system in Alabama. Rosa Banks refused to give her seat to a white man in bus and got arrested. This boycott lasted from December 1955 to December 1956.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Sep 9, 1957

Was the first civil rights legislation after Reconstruction, protected voting rights and established Federal Civil Rights Commission.

Civil Disobedience

Jan 1, 1960

It was active refusal to obey certain laws, could have been violent or nonviolent.

Jim Crow LAws

Jan 1, 1960

Laws that separate African Americans from Anglo population. It was a way for social and political cotrol.

Sit-ins

Dec 31, 1960

Sit-ins were a form of nonviolent, direct action, protests to promote change in Civil Right Movement by for example SCLC and NAACP. Most well-known sit-ins happened in Greensboro North Carolina where black university students refused to leave a "whites only" restaurant.

24th Amendment

Jan 23, 1964

Prevented Congress and the States from requiring poll taxes before voting.

Civil Rights act of 1964

Jul 2, 1964

Abolished racial, religious and sex discrimination by employers, and now anyone couldn't be denied hire or fired for those reasons. Also ended unfair voting requirements.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Aug 6, 1965

Federal legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in voting. Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Head Start

Dec 31, 1965

A program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, provides childhood education, health, nutrition and parent involvement services to low-income children. Created 1965 by Jule Sugarman.

Upward Bound

Dec 31, 1965

Federally funded educational program within the United states, monitored by the United States Department of Education. Was launched in 1965 after the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. The program's goal is to give certain categories ( ow-income etc.) in high school better opportunities to get into university.

Affirmative Action

Dec 31, 1967

Also known as positive discrimination, the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffers from discrimination. Was a way to fight against racial discrimination.

26th Amendment

Mar 23, 1971

Prohibited the Federal government and the States from denying the ability to vote based on age, lowering the voting age to 18.

Title IX

Jun 23, 1972

Part of Education Amendments of 1972, prohibited sex discrimination in educational programs and activities.