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Plessy v. Ferguson
Homer Adolph Plessy was 7/8 Caucasian and in 1892 decided to sit in the all white section of the railroad cars. There was a Louisiana law requiring there to be separate cars for blacks and whites but you had to be fully white. Since Plessy refused to move he was arrested then along came the court case. John Ferguson was the one to respond to Plessy's complaint and the issue was argued on April 13th and a decision was not made until May 18th.
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Congress of Radical Equality (CORE)
James Farmer is the founder of CORE his intentions were to end discriminatory policies and improve racial relations. It was considered one leading activist organization in the early beginning of the civil rights movement. Protest started with sit-ins and public peaceful protest. In the 1950s the south began to challenge the public segregation registration . Farmer was a survivor of a Ku Klux Klan murder plan. He then contributed to the Louisiana Act and voting Rights Act.(http://bit.ly/2nZzE5a) -
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson was the first black major league baseball player for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He waon many awards and championship but most of all his number 42 is retired in baseball and he is in the hall of fame. During his time in baseball he faced many hateful comments and death threats but never once did he react or say anything about it. He inspired a generation of African Americans to question "separate but equal". He helped pave the way for the Civil Rights movement. http://bit.ly/1n14iFE -
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Sweatt v. Painter
In 1946 Sweatt an African American applied for acceptance into the University of Texas but it did not work. Next step he tried to appeal to the courts which the came up with the separate but equal law school for blacks. The court later found the new law school suppose to open in 1947 would be unequal in all aspects. Sweatt was to be accepted due to the Equal Protection Clause. Painter was the respondent to Sweatt's appeal. http://bit.ly/2nqJY3w -
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Brown V. Board of Education
This case was four cases consolodation about public schools on the basis of race. Several African American minors were denied acceptance due to a law that allowed public schools to deny their acceptance. THe main point of the agruement was the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment. In the end african American childdren were accepted due to the better quality of the facilities in all whit public schools. This case was argrued twice once in 1952 and the second 1953. http://bit.ly/1p1Oc1f -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
This boycott was the reaction to Rosa Parks being arrested for not giving up her seat to a white person. The boycott was the refusal of all African Americans not riding the buses. It is considered the first major demonstration against segregation in the U.S. The boycott lasted 381 days. The supreme court ordered the Montgomery bus system to integrate the system. http://bit.ly/1ymBgQq -
"The Southern Manifesto"
The Southern Manifesto was introduced by Howard Smith of Virginia who was the chairman of the House Rules Committee.The Manifesto attacked Brown saying he was abuse of the judicial power. He introduced it on the house floor and it was a document that stated the schools for whites and blacks to be unequal and it was signed by 82 representatives and 19 senators. It was originally know as the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles. http://bit.ly/2ngf3WC -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
It was created by 66 black ministers and civil rights leaders who met in Atlanta Georgia. The SCLC had tough beginning because they only had one full time employee until more people started to do sit-ins and protest people began to join the group.The SCLC had financial difficulties but in 1967 the Poor People's Campaign helped close some of their financial gap. http://bit.ly/1I8sxN8 -
Little Rock - Central High School
In the American Civil Right Movement was the integration of Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas. On September 4th was the first day of school for the nine African Americans. The Police had to protect the kids enter the school due to the hateful white people around.Eisenhower had to send in federal troops to escort the nine students to classes on their first day of full school September 25. http://bit.ly/1ufa8Cs -
Greensboro Sit-In
It was the sit-in of four African American college students at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. The four had politely asked for service but their request was denied. The students were then asked to leave but refused peacefully in hope that a youth-led movement to challenge the racial inequality throughout the South would occur. http://s.si.edu/1jLno02 -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Ella Baker the leader of the SCLC created this meeting which later became the SNCC. It was formed to give the young blacks a voice in the movement for their freedom and it was to become one of the more radical branches of the Civil Rights movement. This new group played a big role in the Freedom Rides. Three of the members died at the hands of the KKK during the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964. http://bit.ly/2g8KEXt -
"Freedom Rides"
A group of 13 African Americans and white civil rights activist started the Freedom Riders, it was a series of bus trips to protest segregation in the south of the bus systems. CORE recruited members who were called Freedom Riders. African American members would try to use "white-only" restrooms and lunch counters and vice versa. They experienced extreme violence from white protestors along the route to where they were going. http://bit.ly/1vgaxE1 -
James Meredith
Meredith was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi was shot by a sniper shortly after doing a lone civil rights march through the south. He was doing a walk known as "March Against Fear", which he walked from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi to try an encourage voter registration for African Americans. http://bit.ly/1oA25xm -
"Letter From Birmingham Jail"
Martin Luther King Jr. was imprisoned along with nearly another 50 other protestors and civil rights leaders had been arrested fro leading a Good Friday demonstration. King wrote a letter defending his nonviolent acts because of a letter composed in a newspaper criticizing the people arrested and King himself. He criticized those who criticized him without information on them. http://bit.ly/1YSpCQ8 -
March On Washington
On this day in 1963 more than 200,000 Americans in Washington D.C., where a political rally known as the March on Washington for jobs and freedom. It was organized by civil rights and religious groups, it was to shed light on political and social challenges of African Americans were facing across the country. It became one of key moments in the growing struggle for civil rights in the United States. this is where the " I have a Dream" speech was delivered. http://bit.ly/1i6tu7Z -
Bombing of Birmingham Church
On this day their was a bomb blast at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Alabama. In the explosion four African American girls were killed and at least fourteen others were injured in the explosion.Sarah Collins, the sister of 12-year-old Addie Mae Collins, who loses an eye. Later on about three former KKK members were convicted of the murder for the bombing of the church. http://cnn.it/1tWsdot -
Twenty-Fourth Admendment
The twenty-fourth amendment to the civil rights movement was to end the mandatory poll taxes that prevented many Africa Americans. African Americans who were mostly poor could not afford poll taxes. There were many other clauses that made it hard for African Americans to even have any political power, especially in the south. The twenty-fourth amendment had allow discrimination in the south to slow down. http://bit.ly/2nkBIkB -
Mississippi Freedom Summer
It happened in the summer of 1964 it was an organization with the help of the NAACP, SNCC and CORE and was directed by Robert Moses. The main objectives were to increase African American voting, organize the Freedom Democratic Party, set up Freedom Schools, and open the community centers for blacks. There were over 800 volunteers to help achieve their goals and by the end of the summer the goals were moving along. http://bit.ly/2oWogVj -
Civil Rights Act Passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was to end segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It is considered one of the most crowning legislative achievements for the Civil Rights movement. It was first proposed by JFK and it survived strong opposition from southern members of congress. It was enacted in July. http://bit.ly/1udSFsU -
Malcolm X Assassination
Malcolm Little was an African American nationalist and religious leader.Malcolm when he came back to America after being apart of a racial orthodox with Muslims he had a new name, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. He created the Organization of Afro-Americans Unity, an advocated black identity and held that racism was the greatest foe of the African Americans. At a meeting of the OAAU Malcolm was assassinated by rival Black Muslims in Audubon Ballroom. http://bit.ly/1lATEnS -
Selma to Montgomery march
A march of 3,200 civil rights demonstrators, in the name of African-American voting rights. It was a march led by Martin Luther King Jr. form Selma, Alabama to the capitol at Montgomery. In case of trouble along the march FBI agents and the National Guardsman were on hand if they needed safety. http://bit.ly/1xdQhVk -
Voting Rights Act Approved
This act was signed into law in August of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. It made it so that discriminatory voting practices adopted by many southern states after the Civil War was outlawed. It enforced the fifteenth amendment to the constitution. The act was enacted but just because its enacted does not mean they are going to listen. http://bit.ly/2fTgOJw -
Black Panthers
The Black Panthers did not have a major role in the Civil Rights but it was important. They believed in the non-violent campaign of Martin Luther King Jr. had failed and any possible changes to their lifestyles were not coming. The Panthers language was violent and so was their stance in public. They were willing to use violence to get what they wanted and say what they wanted to those who opposed. The FBI destroyed the Black Panthers and their violent movements. http://bit.ly/1SM5axc -
King Assassinated
Martin Luther King Jr. was extremely important in the civil rights movement. He had a part in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the movement since mid-1950s. He used non-violent tactics like sit-ins, boycotts and protest marches and he used powerful words. When King was assassinated it caused an anger among blacks but equal housing bill was sped up as well, which was the last significant legislative achievement of the civil rights era. http://bit.ly/1v0B75e
