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Plessy v Ferguson
The Plessy v Ferguson case originated with the Louisiana separate car act of 1890. It required both African Americans and whites to sit in segregated compartments on public carriers. Homer Plessy was arrested when he refused to follow the separate car act of 1890. The Plessy v Ferguson case established the doctrine separate but equal it helped the states legally segregate the races.
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Congress of Racial Equality (core)
Formed in 1942 on the campus of the University of Chicago. Core tried to show some civil rights activist a way to change life without referring to violence. Core provided the south with nonviolence training during the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott in 1955. James Farmer was the first black national director. when voter resignation became a priority Core focused on Alabama, Louisiana, and South Carolina.
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Jackie Robinson
Robinson broke baseball's color barrier in 1941 to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. In his first season he won the national league rookie of the year award. He won the league MVP in 1949. Robinson kept his word about not fighting against the racial abuse or racist remarks. In 1949 he broke both his emotional and political silence. He retired from baseball in 1957, and was seeking to bring the same tactics to try to increase African America jobs.
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Sweatt v Painter
The reason this was a case was that a man Herman Marion Sweatt was refused administration to law school at the University of Texas by its president Theophilus Painter. No law school in the state of Texas due to the states constitution. Later along with the NAACP, Sweatt was able to get his case all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.
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Brown v Board of Education
The court ruled its decision on May 174,1954. The Plessy v Ferguson decision was overturned by the court. The court believed that the racial segregation in the schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision did not fix the problem completely but it put the constitution on the side of racial equality. Brown v Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by Oliver Brown.
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The Southern Manifesto
It was formally called the Declaration of Constitutional Principles. The form was signed by 19 members of the senate and 82 members of the House of Representatives. The signing started a movement towards southern defiance against Brown. It attacked as an abuse of judicial power, and it went above the rights the states had passed. Howard smith had grouped with part of the senate to create the manifesto.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
It started on December 1, 1955 when a women Rosa Parks sat on the white section of a bus and would not move for a white man. She was eventually arrested. E.D. Nixon the president of the NAACP launched a bus boycott against the city's segregation bus policy. Boycott supporters challenged the bus segregation in court. On November 13,1956 U.S. Supreme Court ruled for the plaintiffs.
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Sixty black ministers along with some of the civil rights leaders met in Georgia and formed the SCLC on January 11 1957. The people in the SCLC decided on Martin Luther King Jr. to be the first president of the group. The group was dedicated to ending segregation and it would be done in a nonviolent manner. Their first direct action was a series of marches against discrimination. The first victory they earned was in 1963.
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Little Rock Nine/ Central High School
Nine black students were enrolled at an all white school in Little Rock, Arkansas and had to go through groups of people to get into the school. Governor Orval Faubus and announced that the national guard would be prepared to stop the black students from entering the school. A couple days after the announcement said that if the black students were aloud inside the school there would be violence and bloodshed.
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The Greensboro sit in
Started by four black male students on February first 1960 and was protested until July twenty fifth 1960. The men were inspired by Mohandas Gandhi along with the Freedom Ride. The protest took place in Woolworth's at a lunch counter. The counter was only aloud to serve whites. They would not move until the store closed and would return the next day with more students. The protest reached out to 55 cities within 13 states.
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Helped the black voter resignation in the south. Stokely Carmichael in 1966 was elected head of the SNCC. As the SNCC was more noticed in the civil rights movement in the mid 1960 they became known as shock troops of the revolution. The group was formed by Ella Baker. During their time in the civil rights movement three of the members were killed by the Ku Klux Klan.
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Freedom Riders
A series of bus trips through the south started by 13 African American and white civil rights activist. The first bus to arrive in Anniston, Alabama on May 14, 1961 was the Greyhound bus. After the members arrived they were chased and then beaten by a mob of 200 white people. Many others traveling on buses t other cities were also beaten. The rides continued into the fall until regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals.
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James Meredith
Served nine years in the U.S. Air Force. Studied at all black Jackson state college. While enrolled at Jackson state he tried to apply to Ole Miss and had no success. The NAACP helped Meredith with a lawsuit against the University. Meredith won the case in September 1962. Even though he won over 2000 people including state officials got together to block his path. He finally registered on October 1, 1962. He later helped MLK Jr in the movement.
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Letter From Birmingham Jail
King was imprisoned for leading a march on Good Friday along with 50 others. While in jail King could not contact his families or lawyers. A couple days later someone sent him a copy of the newspaper from April 12. It concealed a letter from some Christian and Jewish leaders that criticized the demonstration. In retaliation to the letter King wrote his own criticizing all the people that do nothing while others go out and are risking their lives.
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Medger Evers
Graduated college in 1952. Medger and his brother Charles worked for the NAACP in Philadelphia. By 1955 he was the most visible civil rights leader in Mississippi. With him being a civil rights leader he and his family were put in the middle of numerous threats and violent actions. Some of the violence included a house bombing. Medger was shot and killed outside his home on June 12, 1963 at 12:40 A.M..
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March on Washington
Over 200,00 people gathered on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C.. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his I had a dream speech. Throughout the march president JFK showed no enjoyment as did the past president Roosevelt. At the end the march was a success. The march still ended like its predecessor. The march also included performances by John Lewis, Josephine Baker, etc..
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Burmingham Church Bombing
A bomb exploded on September 15, 1963 at the 16th street baptists church. The bomb went off at 10:22 am killing four young girls. Around 200 people were in the church at the time of the explosion. Most of the people inside managed to escape. The bombing of the 16th street baptist church was the third church to be bombed in three days. King spoke for three of the girls at their funeral in front of 8,000 people.
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Twenty-Fourth Amendment
Ratified on January 23, 1964. It allowed everyone to vote without having to pay a poll tax.This document took two years to ratify because it was shown to congress in 1962. After it was ratified there were now only five states that still used poll taxes. It was not until 1966 when a court case Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ruled the poll tax unconstitutional.
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Civil Rights Act Passed
It ended segregation and banned employment discrimination. It forbade the use of federal funds for discriminatory at any level. The civil rights act forced the Department of Education to help with school desegregation. To MLK Jr this the civil rights act was just a second emancipation. It started expanding bringing the disabled and elderly under their wing.
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Mississippi Freedom Summer
A voter registration project in Mississippi during 1964. The first three hundred people arrived on July 15,1964. A couple days pass and word gets around that three people are missing. Six weeks later they found the bodies of the three men to find that they were badly beaten. Fifty Freedom Schools were established by the project. The division between people who still believe in nonviolence and the others that doubted racial equality is peace grew.
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Malcolm X assassination
Shot on February 21, 1965 by Nation of Islam members. When he took the last name X it was to be the meaning of his stolen African identity. Malcolm had become an effective minister to the Nation of Islam after a six year prison sentence after a burglary conviction. While being a minister for the Nation of Islam he began to have a larger outspoken philosophy then Elija Muhammad. Muhammad started to believe he had to much power.
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Selma to Montgomery
Selma had the most focus from the SCLC and the SNCC on black register voters in the south. Due to segregation even though forbade by the civil rights act only 2% of the eligible black voters registered. The first march from Selma led by King was around 600 people. They marched on March 7, 1964 in memory of Jimmie Lee Jackson but state officials forced them back into Selma. Then on Mach 9, 1964 King led another march.
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Voting Rights Act
President Johnson signed it into law on August 6, 1965. The act banned the use of a literacy test. The south still went against the act because the number of black voters frightened them. This time the act gave the blacks a legal way to challenge the whites so that they could vote. The voter percent in Mississippi grew from 6% in 1964 to 59% in 1969.
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Black Panthers
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the party in October on 1966. It had become one of the most widely known black militant in the 1960's. The name was originally Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. But in 1967 they got rid of "for Self-Defense". The party was strongly effected when Huey Newton was charged with murder on October 28, 1967. Some members of the group were either expelled or had left.
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Kings Assassination
King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King had been one of the civil rights leaders since the 1950's. Young African Americans had criticized him because they thought and believed that violence was the solution. On behalf of the poor king was planning a march to Washington until he was called to Tennessee. He died at the age of 39 from a bullet in the neck.
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