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plessy v ferguson
This 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. It stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, breaking a Louisiana law. Rejecting Plessy’s argument that his constitutional rights were violated, the Court ruled that a state law that “implies merely a legal distinction”
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson -
CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY
Founded in 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) became one of the leading activist organizations in the early years of the American Civil Rights Movement. In the early 1960s, CORE, working with other civil rights groups, launched a series of initiatives: the Freedom Rides, aimed at desegregating public facilities, the Freedom Summer voter registration project and the historic 1963 March on Washington.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/congress-of-racial-equality -
sweat v painter
In 1946, with the support of the NAACP, Heman Marion Sweatt applied for admission to The University of Texas School of Law. The University registrar rejected his application because Sweatt was an African American and UT was a segregated institution. Sweatt, with NAACP counsel, sued. Although Sweatt lost in state court, the United States Supreme Court ordered the integration of The University of Texas School of Law and also The University's Graduate School (http://bit.ly/2nY9VdG) -
Jackie robinson
Jackie Robinson made history in 1947 when he broke baseball’s color barrier to play for the Dodgers. Robinson won the National League Rookie of the Year award and helped the Dodgers to the National League championship Robinson faced a barrage of threats because of his race. The courage and grace with which Robinson handled it inspired a generation of African Americans to question the doctrine of “separate but equal” and helped the Civil Rights Movement.
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civil rights timspan
the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. -
medger evers
After attempting to segregate the University of Mississippi Law School in 1954, he became the NAACP field secretary in Mississippi. Evers was subjected to threats as the most visible civil rights leader in the state, and he was shot to death in June 1963. Although accused killer Byron De La Beckwith escaped conviction, the unearthing of new evidence decades later resulted in Beckwith’s retrial and imprisonment.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/medgar-evers -
mississippi freedom summer
The Freedom Summer, comprised of black Mississippians and more than 1,000 out-of-state, predominately white volunteers, faced constant abuse and harassment from Mississippi’s white population. The Ku Klux Klan, police and even state and local authorities carried out a systematic series of attacks; including arson, beatings, false arrest and the murder of at least three civil rights activists. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-summer -
brown v board of education
On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court handed down its ruling in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Declaring that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,” the Brown v. Board decision helped break the back of state-sponsored segregation, and provided a spark to the American civil rights movement.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
montgomery bus boycott
the Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott -
southern manifesto
On March 11, 1956, 19 United States senators and 82 members of the House of
Representatives issued a “Southern Manifesto.” They proposed using "all lawful means" to
reverse the Supreme Court's desegregation decision.
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SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was created on January 10, 1957, when sixty black ministers and civil rights leaders met in Atlanta, Georgia in an effort to replicate the successful strategy and tactics of the recently concluded Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen as the first president of this new group dedicated to abolishing legalized segregation
http://bit.ly/1I8sxN8 -
SNCC
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), formed to give younger blacks more of a voice . In the wake of the early sit-ins at lunch counters closed to blacks,. She was concerned that SCLC, led by the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was out of touch with younger blacks who wanted the movement to make progress. Baker encouraged those who formed SNCC to look beyond to broader social change
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc -
little rock
In a key event of the Civil Rights Movement, nine black students enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas,testing a landmark the first day of classes at Central High, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called in the state National Guard to bar the black students. Later in the month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the “Little Rock Nine” into the school, and they started their first full day of classes
http://bit.ly/1ufa8Cs -
freedom riders
On May 4, 1961, a group of African-American civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, bus trips to protest segregation in bus's. The Freedom Riders, who were recruited by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), African-American Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters, The group encountered violence from white protestors along the route. In September 1961, the icc issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and trains. http://bit.ly/1vgaxE1 -
James meredeth
ames H. Meredith, who in 1962 became the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi, is shot by a sniper shortly after beginning a lone civil rights march through the South. Known as the “March Against Fear,” Meredith had been walking from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, in an attempt to encourage voter registration by African Americans in the South.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/james-meredith-shot -
letter from birmingham jail
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work.
https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html -
march on washington
On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 Americans gathered in Washington for a rally known as the March on Washington for Freedom. the event was designed to shed light on the political and social challenges African Americans continued to face across the country. The march, which became a key moment in the growing struggle for civil rights in the United States, culminated in Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, a spirited call for racial justice and equality.
http://bit.ly/1i6tu7Z -
bombing of birmingham church
On September 15, a bomb exploded before Sunday morning services at the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama–a church with a predominantly black congregation that served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. Four young girls were killed and many other people injured; outrage over the incident and the violent clash between protesters and police that followed helped draw national attention to the hard, often dangerous struggle for civil rights for African Americans. http://bit.ly/1CwahtD -
civil rights act passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act -
24th ammendment
the right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxxiv -
malcom x assasinated
n New York City, Malcolm X, an African American nationalist and religious leader, is assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights. -
Selma to montgomery march
In early 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. made Selma, Alabama, the focus of its efforts to register black voters in the South. That March, protesters attempting to march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were met with violent resistance by state and local authorities. As the world watched, the protesters (under the protection of federalized National Guard troops) finally achieved their goal, walking around the clock for three days to reach Montgomery.
http://bit.ly/1nGD5oz -
Voting rights act approve
The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The act significantly widened the franchise and is considered among the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act -
Black panthers
In October of 1966, in Oakland California, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs.
https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/ -
king assassinated
n early April 1968, shock waves reverberated around the world with the news that U.S. civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. King had led the civil rights movement since the 1950s, using a combination of powerful words and non-violent tactics such as sit-ins, boycotts and marches (including the massive March on Washington in 1963) to fight segregation and achieve civil and voting rights advances for African Americans
http://bit.ly/1v0B75e
