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Congress of Radical Equality (CORE) Founded
Civil Rights: the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality
-Goal was to end segregation
-Many peaceful protests -
Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
Color Line: A barrier created by custom, law, and economic difference that separated whites from nonwhites
-First ever black baseball player
-Harassed by baseball fans
-Some teammates did not even want to play with him -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation: the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things
-Ended military segregation
-Some blacks would refuse to fight in a segregated army so Truman changed that -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam: a religious group, also known as the Black Muslims, that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
Malcolm X: A black Muslim political leader
-Blacks gained more pride in who they are
-Wanted separation from white society -
Brown vs Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall: Lead attorney who argued the case and showed how segregation hurt African Americans
-Court declared segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
-Sued school district for not letting them enroll in their schools -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott: withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest
Rosa Parks: Black lady who got arrested for refusing to let a white person sit in her seat
-Blacks refused to go on buses until they could sit where they want
-Lasted around a year -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine: 9 black students who were harassed and bullied in a white public school
-schools had to desegregate but the people did not like that
-mobs surrounded the school and the black kids -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
Jim Crow Laws: state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.
Sit-in: a civil rights protest in which protesters sit down in a public place and refuse to move, thereby causing the business to lose customers
-Many businesses who segregated were boycotted
-Students sat at restaurants -
Freedom Rides
Civil Disobedience: the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: a civil rights organization formed in 1960 by college students, who organized sit-ins and other nonviolent protests
-a way of protesting civil rights
-both blacks and whites road together on buses -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference
-Many protesters put in jail
-King got put in jail and wrote a letter about the segregation protesting -
March on Washington
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of "people of color"
-Protest about jobs and freedom
-250,000 people participated -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy vs Ferguson: a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
-banned discrimination on race, religion, sex, or where they are from
-pushed for this bill to be passed -
Voting Act of 1965
Disenfranchise: Deprive of the right to vote
-Blacks got the right to vote
-Blacks were scared to register to vote because white people might hurt them -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
Ghettos: part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
- Rioters and looters completely destroyed neighborhoods
-34 died, 900 injured, and 4,000 arrested -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power: Group of activists that were not focused on nonviolent protesting
SNICC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-Blacks and the nation of Islam were influenced by the leaders Malcom X, Huey Newton, and Bobby Steale
-Wanted to make a change
-Developed a 10 point platform to achieve their goals -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex
-Housing will not be based on gender, race, religion, or where you are from
-Congress took action -
Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education
Desegregation: Ending the separation of people by race
-School and the black students who are being bussed to the school
-Busing is a way for schools to desegregate -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Affirmative Action: an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination
-race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
-some people wanted race in university admissions and some didn't
