-
•Dred Scott v. Sandford
in the Louisiana Territory, where the Missouri Compromise of 1820 outlawed slavery. When Scott eventually made it back to Missouri, he sued for his freedom there, arguing that because he had lived in a free territory, he was now a free man. Scott filed a new lawsuit in federal court after suffering a loss. No "black" or descendant of slaves, according to Scott's master, could be a citizen in the sense of Article III of the Constitution. -
13th Amendment
The 13th amendment says "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." It was passed during Abraham Lincoln's presidency after the Civil War. -
14th amendment
The 14th amendment extended citizenship to all those "born or naturalized in the United States," including people who had previously been in slavery, and guaranteed "equal protection under the laws" to all citizens. After the south had started making laws to restrict slaves of their rights the congress responded by passing the 14th amendment to limit their power.It was passed by congress in june 8, 1866 but did not ratify until 2 years later. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment granted African American the right to vote. It essentially granted voting rights to African American men but denying them to women of all races.Years after the /amendment was passed by congress it got 2/3 vote to get ratified. -
Jim Crow Era
State and local regulations known as the "Jim Crow laws" made racial segregation legal. With former Confederate soldiers serving as police and judges, the legal system was biased against Black citizens, making it harder for them to prevail in court and guaranteeing that they were bound by Black codes. By denying African People the ability to vote, hold employment, receive an education, or have other possibilities, they intended to isolate them. -
Plessy vs Ferguson
the Comite des Citoyens, a collective of New Orleanians working to abolish the Separate Car Act. On a Louisiana train, they asked Plessy, who was part black, to sit in a "whites only" car. In court, Plessy's attorneys claimed that the Separate Car Act was unconstitutional under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The judge determined that Louisiana could execute this legislation as long as it had an impact on railroads located inside its borders. Indicted was Plessy. -
19th amendment
With the uprising against slavery at the beginning of the 19th century, the campaign for women's suffrage was born. To ensure that American citizens could no longer be denied the right to vote due to their sex, the 19th Amendment was inserted to the Constitution. Women's suffrage put an end to nearly a century of opposition. -
Equal Rights Amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was first put out in Congress in 1923, in an effort to guarantee complete equality for women. It aims to eliminate the disparities in the law that exist between men and women with regard to divorce, property, employment, and other issues. Although it was not ratified, women eventually gained more equality as a result of court decisions that supported the push to increase rights. -
civil rights act of 1964
Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin is illegal under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This civil rights act's provisions prohibited discrimination in hiring, promoting, and firing on the basis of sex in addition to race.The law is still regarded as one of the most important legislative victories in American history. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Black Americans in the South encountered several challenges in exercising their right to vote, including poll taxes, literacy tests, and other administrative limitations. When they attempted to register or cast a ballot, they also ran the risk of harassment. African-American voter registration and political influence were consequently restricted. The act attempted to remove constraints imposed by state and local laws on African Americans' ability to exercise their right to vote. -
Affirmative Action
It was a deliberate effort to increase the employment or educational possibilities for women and members of underrepresented groups in the United States. Affirmative action is programs, and practices that give minorities and women limited preferences in job hiring, admission to higher education institutions. It was first implemented by the government as a response to the negative effects of long-standing discrimination against such groups. -
reed v reed
Probate code specified that males must be preferred to females in appointing administrators of senate. Reed did not approve of this and went to court. The court agreed that it violated the equal protection clause by the 14th amendment. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
The court found that no racial quotas should be used in the admissions process. Allan P. Bakke, an engineer and former Marine officer, was rejected for admission to medical school due in part to his age. He brought suit in state court challenging the constitutionality of the school's affirmative action program. -
• Bowers v. Hardwick
A Georgia police officer saw Michael Hardwick performing consenting homosexual sodomy with another adult in the bedroom of his house. The court dismissed Hardwick's case after concluding that she had not made out her case. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded the case after hearing an appeal, finding Georgia's law to be unconstitutional. Michael J. Bowers, the attorney general of Georgia, filed an appeal with the Supreme Court and was given certiorari. -
Americans with disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted into law. A civil rights statute known as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) forbids discrimination against people with disabilities in all spheres of public life, including employment, education, transportation, and all public and private locations that are accessible to the general public. Making sure that people with disabilities have the same opportunities and rights as everyone else is the goal of the legislation. -
motor voter act
the "Motor Voter Act"), to improve every American's ability to cast a ballot. All Americans now find it simpler to register to vote and to keep their registration current thanks to the Act. The Act mandates that states offer the ability to apply to register to vote for federal elections in addition to any other methods of voter registration they may provide. The focus of this act was to make voter registration more accessible to the general public. -
Brown vs Board of Education
Following its ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I), which ruled that racial discrimination in public schools is unconstitutional, the Supreme Court met to establish the guidelines necessary to put its newly stated constitutional principle into practice. The instances originated from a wide range of American locations, each with their own unique conditions and issues. -
• Obergefell v. Hodges
In order to test the validity of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or reluctance to recognize lawful same-sex marriages that happened in jurisdictions that permitted such marriages, groups of same-sex couples sued their relevant state authorities. the 5-4 majority's viewpoint. According to the Court, one of the essential liberties that the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause provides is the right to marry, and that analysis holds true for opposite-sex and same-sex couples alike. -
• Lawrence v. Texas
Houston police were called to a home where there had been a reported weapons disturbance when they entered John Lawrence's apartment and discovered him and another adult man, Tyron Garner, having a private, consensual sex act. A Texas law prohibiting sexual conduct between two people of the same sex was broken when they were found guilty of deviant sexual intercourse. The State Court of Appeals decided in favor of affirming that the Act did not violate the Due Process.