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14th Amendment Passed
Constitutional amendment that forbids any state in the US from depriving citizens of their rights and privileges and defines citizenship.
https://goo.gl/vJhtKd
http://goo.gl/GQtMoH - 14th amendment -
Plessy vs. Fergeson
Supreme Court rules that separate but equal facilities for different races is legal. Gives legal approval to Jim Crow laws.
http://goo.gl/NikZ58
http://goo.gl/A7N8Ax -plessy v fergeson -
Booker T. Washington writes "Up From Slavery"
Arguing that gradual progress is the best path for blacks, Washington focuses on job training and suggests that self-respect and self-help would bring better opportunities for the blacks.
http://goo.gl/ik2QPk
http://goo.gl/qKZAYD - booker t washington -
Niagara Movements
W.E.B. DuBois demands immediate racial equality and opposes all laws that treats blacks as different from others. Leads to creation of NAACP in 1909.
http://goo.gl/nZWVpK
http://goo.gl/wlqsmC - niagara movement -
Grandfather clause outlawed by Supreme Court
NAACP successfully challenges state laws that restricted black voting registration.
http://goo.gl/OF9jEm -
Race riots and Lynchings claim hundreds of lives
Over 25 race riots occur in the summer of 1919 with 38 killed in Chicago. 70 blacks, including 10 veterans, are lynched in the South.
http://goo.gl/ll5dn4
http://goo.gl/0xI3Ws Race Riots 1919 -
Executive Order forbids race discrimination in hiring
FDR sets up Fair Employment Practices Commission to assure non-discrimination policies in federal job hirings.
http://goo.gl/vdpJXQ -
Jackie Robinson joins Brooklyn Dodgers
Pasadena resident and UCLA alum Robinson breaks the color barrier by being the first black to play major league baseball in modern times.
https://goo.gl/jyZhfg
http://goo.gl/OlPnNx Jackie Robinson -
Armed forces integrated
President Truman issues executive order requiring integrated units in the armed forces.
http://goo.gl/wNZHJ6 -
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka decision
Supreme Court reverses Plessy by stating that separate schools are unequal. Schools are ordered to desegregate.
http://goo.gl/1bVW6M -
Southern Manifesto urges resistance to desegregation efforts
Over 100 southern members of Congress signed a document attacking the Supreme Court decision. Only Lyndon Johnson, Estes Kefauver, and Albert Gore refuse to join the protest.
http://goo.gl/wmSfHJ -
Little Rock Central High School desegregated
After Little Rock school board votes to integrate schools, National Guard troops prevent black children from attending school. 1000 federal paratroopers were needed to escort black students and keep peace. Arkansas governor Faubus responds by closing schools for the 1958-59 school year.
http://goo.gl/UfAKuO
http://youtu.be/-MksNGcNzKc Little rock nine -
Montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks lead a 381 day bus boycott organized by Martin Luther King, Jr.
http://goo.gl/YCha9k
http://youtu.be/lHFPH79Iaoo Montgomery bus boycott -
Lunch counter protests
10 black men sat at a white only counter in Rock Hill, South Carolina in a protest against segregation. They were arrested and nine men were sentenced to 30 days of labor on a chain gang.
http://goo.gl/o3jKwX
http://goo.gl/8D6I6C Woolworth lunch counter -
Freedom riders oppose segregation
Blacks and whites take buses together to the South to protest bus station segregation. Many were treated with riots and beatings.
http://goo.gl/9pzcfY -
James Meredith enrolls at the University of Mississippi
5000 federal troops are sent by PresIdent Kennedy to allow Meredith to register for his classes. Riots resulted in 2 deaths and hundreds of injuries.
http://goo.gl/v2zedP -
"Letter from Birmingham jail"
In response to white people who urge him to stop causing disturbances, King issues a statement of nonviolent resistance to wrongs of American society.
https://goo.gl/QaKiaM -
Desegregation drive in Birmingham
King and SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) oppose local laws that support segregation. Riots, fire-bombing, and police are used against the protestors.
https://goo.gl/YEXWJT -
Governor Wallace stops desegregation of the University of Alabama
Standing in the schoolhouse door and promising segregation "today, tomorrow, and forever," Wallace is forced by PresIdent Kennedy to allow blacks to enroll in the school.
http://goo.gl/mcqNsH -
Medgar Evers murdered
Head of Mississippi NAACP is shot outside his home on the same night that President Kennedy addressed the nation on race, asking "Are we to say to the world...that this is a land of the free except for Negroes"
http://goo.gl/QR8NFn -
March on Washington
More than 200,000 blacks and whites gather before Lincoln Memorial to hear speeches including King's "I Have a Dream" speech and protest for racial injustice.
http://goo.gl/6DNybH
http://goo.gl/4xWFHo March on Washington -
Bombing of Brimmingham Church
4 black girls are killed by bomb planted in church.
http://goo.gl/pg8FU5 -
24th Amendment passed
Poll tax, which had been used to prevent blacks from voting, outlawed. Black voter registration increases and candidates begin to turn away from white supremacy views in attempt to attract black voters.
http://goo.gl/zLh34J -
Civil Rights Act passed
Overcoming Senate problems, Congress passes law forbidding racial discrimination in many areas of life, including hotels, voting, employment, and schools.
http://goo.gl/lMcHUI -
Mississippi Summer Freedom Project
Civil rights workers seek to register blacks to vote. 3 are killed and many black homes and churches are burned. National outrage helps pass civil rights legislation.
http://goo.gl/QjLczK -
Malcolm X assassinated
Rejecting integration and nonviolence, Malcolm splits off from Elijah Muhammad's Black Muslims and is killed by black opponents.
http://goo.gl/JVAmKa -
Selma to Montgomery march
King leads a 54-mile march to support black voter registration. Despite attacks from police and interference from Governor Wallace, marchers reach Montgomery. PresIdent Johnson addresses nation in support of marchers.
http://goo.gl/cNERIU -
Voting Rights Act approved
After passage, southern black voter registration grows by over 50% and black officials are elected to various positions. In Mississippi, black voter registration grew from 7% to 67%.
http://goo.gl/2lT7vI -
Watts Riots
In first of more than 100 riots, Los Angeles black suburb erupts in riots, burning, looting, and 34 deaths.
http://goo.gl/5BWMWI -
Race Riots in Detroit and Newark
Worst riots in U.S. history results in 43 deaths in Detroit and federal troops being called out to restore order.
http://goo.gl/lTR7GR -
King Assassinated
While supporting sanitation workers' strike which had been made by violence in Memphis, King is shot by James Earl Ray. Riots result in 125 cities.
http://goo.gl/SpIo47
