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Thurgood Marshall
the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education -
Plessy v. Ferguson
This ruling made segregation legal.
Some railroad companies were on Plessy's side because they paid too much to maintain separate cars. -
NAACP
Abbreviation for 'National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. -
Malcolm X
renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter. Black Power and equality. -
De jure vs. De Facto segregation
Legal racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. Legal separation of people groups enforced by law -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. -
Emmett till
A 14 year old boy who was murdered in Mississippi by 2 white men. His death became a catalyst for the civil rights movement. -
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery and so triggered the national civil rights movement -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
In 1955, after Rose Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr.Marth L. King led a boycott of city busses. -
Little Rock School Integration
In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent them from entering the school. -
The Sit-Ins
Blacks were fighting for equal treatment but more specifically they weren't being served food at local diners and restaurants at the same lunch counters as whites -
Freedom Rides
civil rights campaign of the Congress of Racial Equality in which protesters traveled by bus through the South to desegregate bus stations -
March on Washington
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial. -
Martin Luther King Jr. "I Have A Dream"
Stopping segregation in the south, making everyone equal, and keeping peace -
March on Birmingham, Alabama
Epitomised horrors of Southern Segregation, 'worst big city' for racism according to MLK. Also MLK knew Public Safety Commissioner Eugene 'Bull'' Connor would mistreat protestors, gaining nationwide publicity for Southern bigotry & promt Kennedy into action. 2500 demonstrators were arrested -
24th Amendment
prohibited states from requiring payment of a poll tax as a condition for voting in federal elections. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. This document was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. -
March from Selma to Montgomery for Voting Rights
It was a March that was begun because of the segregation and all of the bad things that were going on in the area. And people marched to prove how angry and upset they were -
Race Riots
Riots caused by racial hatred or dissension -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks -
Black Panther Party
African-American revolutionary organization held between 1966-1982. Philosophy was to protect the black community
