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Period: 3000 BCE to 400
Infanticidal Mode
Infanticidal Mode -
Period: 300 to 1200
Abandoning Mode
During the fourth to thirteenth century A.D., parents projected their fears onto their children but recognized that they had souls. To avoid their projections, they abandoned their children to various places. This mode of abandonment was represented by the figure of Griselda and depictions of Mary holding the infant Jesus. Despite projection continuing, it was less severe than before, and child sexual abuse decreased during this period. -
Period: 1300 to
Ambivalent Mode
Parents recognized their children as emotional beings but still projected their fears onto them. They viewed it as their task to shape their children and physically molded them like soft wax or clay. The mode was marked by enormous ambivalence, as parents had conflicting attitudes towards their children. This period also saw an increase in child instruction manuals, the expansion of the cults of Mary and the infant Jesus, and the "close-mother image" in art. -
Period: to
Intrusive Mode
During the Intrusive Mode in the 18th century, parents attempted to conquer their children's minds to control their insides, needs, anger, and masturbation. Children were disciplined with threats and guilt, but not whipped. Pediatrics emerged, reducing infant mortality. Parents approached children with less fear and more focus on controlling their behavior and thoughts. -
Period: to
Socializing Mode
During the Socializing Mode of the 19th to mid-20th centuries, the focus shifted from conquering a child's will to guiding them on the right path and socializing them to conform. This model became the norm for discussing child care and influenced psychological models like Freud's impulse channeling and Skinner's behaviorism. The father began to take a more active role in child-rearing, including training the child and helping the mother with child-care tasks. -
Period: to
Helping Mode
"The child knows best what they need at each stage of development". Parents are involved in fulfilling the child's needs, without trying to control them. This mode requires a lot of time, especially in the first six years, to respond to the child, play with them, interpret their emotional conflicts, and provide for their evolving interests. Children raised in the helping mode tend to be gentle, sincere, strong-willed, and independent. However, this mode is not widely practiced by parents