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Charles Darwin - The Theory of evolution
Darwins' theory of how evolution was brought about by natural selection turned the scientific and religious community on its head. It had been widely known that man was created as a divine species directly from God for thousands of years. Darwin argued and later proved that this is simply not the case. He developed this theory in 1837 while aboard the HMS Beagle on a voyage around the world. He didn't make this theory public until 1859 when he wrote "On the Origin of Species"