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Charles Darwin was a member of an exedition which explore parts of South America, Australia, and the southern tip of Africa. On the expedition, Darwin studied and cataloged plants and animals. It was then that he first realized and confirmed the same/similiar species living in different geographical locations. The only difference was minor differences in traits, such as longer/shorter beaks on birds to help them survive.
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Charles Darwin was an Englishman who was primarily a Naturalist. In 1859 his book, called On the Origin of Species, was published. It discussed the process of Natural Selection through variation in traits among species. Ultimately, the species with suberb traits would thrive. Thus, creating the process we know as evolution.