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Thurgood Marshall
Marshall helped Charles Huston in his campaign to attack the concepts of 'separate but equal.' They focused on segregation in education. -
NAACP
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization that fought to bring an end to racial violence. -
Ho Chi Minh
the leader of north communist Vietnam. he worked for Vietnam's independence from French. -
domino theory
Eisenhower's belief that if Vietnam fell to communism, other southeast Asian countries would quickly follow. the belief that communism would quickly spread to neighboring countries was called the domino theory. -
Brown V. Board of Education
a case made to convince the supreme court of the damages being made to african americans in segregated schools. -
Geneva Conference
the goal of the conference was to work out a peace agreement and arrange for Indochina's future. A cease fire was worked out, and vietnam was temporarily divided at the 17th parallel. Vietminh forces would control the northern part of vietnam, and the french would withdraw from the country. -
Vietnam war
it was the first war to invade american homes via television. for years TV brought the U.S. fight against the horrors of jungle warfare into American living rooms. Seemingly unwinnable, the U.S. war effort brought down a president and bitterly divided the nation. -
Rosa Parks
a NAACP member who boarded the bus and sat in section reserved for African Americans. the white section soon filled and parks was ordered to give up her seat to make row for the white riders, she refused and was arrested. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
a conference made with the goal of forming a new group that would organize protest activities taking place all across the region. -
the little rock nine
nine african american students who firsat integrated Central High School in little rock, arkansas. they had to be protected by gaurds as they risked their life entering the school. -
civil war in vietnam
communist leaders in north vietnam began supplying weapons to vietminh rebels who had remained in the south after the defeat of the french. the vietminh in the south formed the NLF, a military force called vietcong. president eisenhower decided to intervene in the conflicts , the U.S. began supplying south vietnam with money and weapons. eisenhower began sending military advisers to train south vietnam's army. -
sit-in movement
a non-violent strategy made in order to end segregation in lunch counters. protesters in about 50 southern cities began to use the sit-in tactic. -
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was the 35th U.S. President, he proposed a New Frontier to find solutions for "unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus." He was assassinated in Noveber 1963 -
the great debates
During the four television debates, Kennedy spoke with ease and authority. To many Americans, the senator represented America's future. Nixon's ties to Eisenhower made him seem a part of America's past. Kennedy's victory made him the youngest and the first Catholic elected president. -
Bay of Pigs
an attempt by Cuban exiles in southern Cuba to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro; the effort was funded by the U.S. and was famously disastrous. -
Space program
Kennedy's foreign policy crises helped to create the program that came to symbolize the New Frontier- the exploration of space. the Soviet Union launched the first human into space in one-orbit flight. it was nearly a year before U.S astronaut matched the Soviet accomplishment. -
freedom riders
activists who challenged segregation in bus terminals in the south. at bus stops, African Americans would go into the whites-only waiting rooms and try to use the facilities. -
Berlin Crisis
Kennedy invited Khrushchev to meet him in Vienna in hope to ease tensions with the Soviet Union. instead, Khrushchev demanded the United States and its allies recognize Communist East Germany as an independent nation. He also demanded that the U.S. withdraw from West Berlin. Khrushchev ordered Communist forces to close the crossing points between East and West Berlin. The temporary fencing was soon replaced with a high concrete wall, to block further escapes to freedom. -
Lyndon B. Johnson
Vice President during Kennedy's presidency, he visited West Berlin to reassure its people that America would not abandon them. Johnson also creates what he calls 'great Society' where he fights that every citizen had the right to health care, education, housing, and equal opportunities. -
Albany movement
a campaign lead by King to receive attention towards the 500 protesters that were jailed. Albany, Georgia became a battle ground in the civil rights movement. -
Birmingham campaign
Birmingham was known for its strict enforcement of segregation. King raised several thousand dollars to fund a campaign against Birmingham's segregation laws. -
twenty-fourth amendment
congress added the amendment to the constitution and submitted it to the states for ratification. the amendment banned states from taxing citizens to vote, this helped the african americans because they were all poor. -
Cuban missile Crisis
several days during which the United States teetered on the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union.It was the Cold War's most dangerous crisis. -
March On Washington
African american leaders planned a huge march on Washington in order to gain support for the civil rights movement. it was the largest civil rights demonstration ever held in the U.S. -
Voting-Rights reform
it was standard practice for states not to redraw the boundaries of their legislative districts to reflect changes in the population. the court declared that this situation denied urban voters the equal protection of law required by the Fourteenth Amendment. Eventually, it ruled that legislative districts must have equal populations. This reform guaranteed that each citizen's vote has equal weight. -
Kennedy Assassination
President Kennedy rode in an open car of a motorcade through the city of Dallas to the site where he was to deliver a speech. With the first lady by his side, the president waved to the cheering crowds that lined his route. Shots fired from the sixth floor of a schoolbook depository building as the motorcade passed by. Kennedy slumped over, fatally wounded. within hours, Vice President Johnson, was sworn in as president aboard Air Force One. -
war on poverty
Kennedy's interest in antipoverty programs was fueled in part by social activist's influential book. The book was a study of poverty in the United States that shattered the popular belief that all Americans had benefited from the postwar prosperity. Kennedy announced war on poverty, programs that fought poverty. -
Great Society
Great Society is the term for the domestic programs of the Johnson administration. To achieve his goals from the Great Society, Johnson worked hard to ensure his victory in the 1964 presidential election. Johnson wanted to do more than just follow Kennedy's footsteps. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
signed by president Johnson, the law banned discrimination in employment an din public accommodations. -
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
congressional resolution that in effect authorized military action in southeast asia -
Malcom X
a fiery Muslim minister who offered a message of hope, defiance, and black pride. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association. he became a target of violent threats. -
operation rolling thunder
a bombing campaign over north Vietnam ordered by president johnson. he wanted to weaken the enemy's ability and will to fight . he also wanted to assure south vietnam of his commitment to its independence. -
antiwar movement
the movement attracted a broad range of people, including students, civil rights workers, doctors, homemakers, retirees, and teachers. the movements goal was to end the war in vietnam. -
Medicaid/Medicare
congress authorized funds for states to set up Medicaid, a program that provides free health care for poor people. at the same time it created Medicare, a health care program for people over age 65. these were the first actions to created the Great Society. -
Voting Rights Act of 1964
passed in congress by large majorities, Civil rights leaders attended the presidents signing ceremony . the law proved to be one of the most important pieces of civil rights legislation ever passed. it gave the federal government powerful tools with which to break down longstanding barriers to african american voting rights. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a boycott of the montgomery, alabama bus system in response to the racial segregation of city buses. african americans stayed off the buses leaving white businesses to hurt as well as the bus systems. -
black power/black panther party
black power was a movement that advocated more forceful measures to achieve civil rights and supported the idea that african americans had to depend on themselves to solve problems. the black panther party was a group, inspired by the idea of black power that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent. -
Johnson Doctrine
President Johnson's philosophy that revolutions in Latin America were not just local concerns when "the object is the establishment of a Communist Dictatorship." -
Tet Offensive
a series of massive coordinated attacks throughout South Vietnam. it caused 1968 to become a critical year in the vietnam war. -
MLK Jr. Assassination
king led a march to city hall and remained in Memphis to speak at a rally. the next day, a white sniper with high-powered rifle, shot and killed King as he stood on the balcony of his motel. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
signed by president johnson, the law banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. -
Richard Nixon
Served as the 37th U.S. President. Nixon's campaign received an unexpected boost when on March 31, incumbent President Lyndon Johnson announced he would not seek another term. He offered a practical solution he called "New Federalism": locally controlled desegregation. -
pentagon papers
papers were part of government study on the war in Vietnam;; revealed that government officials had been misleading the american people about the progress of the war for many years. -
twenty-sixth amendment
amendment that lowered legal voting age from 21 to 18. McGovern hoped that the amendment would boost his election chances. -
War Powers Act
passed by congress to prevent another Vietnam war. the law reaffirms Congress's constitutional right to declare war.