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To establish economic stability in the United States by introducing the Central Bank to oversee monetary policy.
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Imposed quotas on immigrants from Europe but not from Mexico or the rest of the Americas. Mexicans freely entered the US so long as they passed a medical and literacy test and paid a small tax.
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Herbert Hoover had conducted a study of American society. He had hoped to use this information to promote national economic development ad to relieve poverty.
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Investors lost savings; companies could not sell stocks to raise money; manufacturers closed factories.
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Manufacturers were producing more goods than consumers could buy. People were speculating in the stock market and real estate, driving up prices.
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About 100,000 American businesses failed. By 1932, at the end of Hoover's term, unemployment had reached 13 million people - nearly 25% of the nation's workforce.
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A spell of dry weather in the 1930s turned the soil into dust. Many farmers migrated to California.
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A young lyricist named E.Y. Harburg wrote the song that became the anthem of The Great Depression.
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The leader who had once been one of the most respected men in the nation had become one of the most despised. Hoovers name became identified with the Great Depression.
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Gave emergency loans to banks and businesses, believing that cheap loans would spur business. He cut taxes, increased federal spending on public projects, and directed a federal agency to buy surplus farm crops.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt, was nominated as the Democratic candidate in the Presidential election of 1932. He promised Americans a New Deal, to put them back to work.
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Prohibited the use of injunctions against peaceful strikes.
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She rallied women with her book, Its Up to the Women. She called in them to pull their families through crisis.
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She became the first female member of the US Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of Labor in 1933.
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Funded state and local governments to provide emergency relief, and enabled millions of people to be hired on "make-work" projects.
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Gave jobs to young men, such as planting trees and cleaning up forests.
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Created federal jobs by building public projects such as schools, roads, courts, post offices, and bridges.
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asked businesses to voluntarily follow codes which set standard prices.
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Use of the gold standard came to an end in 1933 when President Roosevelt issued an Executive order outlawing the ownership of gold, except for jewelry.
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guaranteed workers the right to form unions. Employers could not refuse to hire union members. It was declared unconstitutional in 1935 and replaced by the Wagner Act
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(WPA) created jobs by hiring artists, writers, and musicians to paint mural, produce plays, and create other artworks.
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greatly stimulated the unionization of American workers by protecting the right of unions to bargain collectively with their employers.
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Steinbeck published The Harvest Gypsies", a series of articles first printed in the San Francisco News, based on his own research on migrant workers living in California during the Great Depression
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Roosevelt feared that the Court might declare other New Deal legislation unconstitutional. He believed that the Justices - most of whom were over 70 years old, were out of touch with the needs of the nation.
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the Supreme Court ruled that even during a national crisis, Congress could not give the President more powers than those granted in the Constitution.
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In the first "AAA" the government paid farmers to plant less in the hope of increasing crop prices.
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The central theme throughout is the search for security, amid economic collapse in the 1930s and in face of totalitarian aggression in World War II.