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Brown v. Board of Education
U.S. supreme court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. -
Civil Rights Act
Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin. -
ESEA (Elementary and Secondary Education Act)
MOST INFLUENCIAL
Title VII- established a federal goal of assisting "limited-English-Speaking" students in the acquisition of English.
Did not require bilingual education.
Congress put aside $$ for schools with large numbers of language-minoritized students that chose to start bilingual instruction. -
LESA (Limited English-speaking Ability)
Bilingual Education Act was reauthorized to include students of ANY socioeconomic status who has LESA. -
Lau v. Nichols
This was Chinese American parents v San Francisco school board. Parents argued that their children were not receiving an equitable education. -
LEP (Limited English Proficiency)
Reauthorization of Bilingual Education Act again.
- expanded eligibility services even further from LESA to LEP.
- focus was to ensure students who needed bilingual services were receiving them. -
Lau Remedies
Guideline requiring bilingual education at the elementary level and permitting the instruction of the introduction of ESL programs at the secondary level.
(in 1981 Terrel Bell removed them because he said they were too harsh and costly) -
English-only Programs
Bilingual Education Act began to shift support to English-only programs.
-provided funding for programs that only used English in education English Language Learners
(in 1988 funding increased even more for these programs & schools were allowed 3 years to teach fluent english) -
Improving Americas School's Act
Increased attention to two way bilingual education programs.
-the cap for English-only programs that was previously legislated was lifted -
English for the Children
Prohibited the use of home language instruction in teaching emergent bilinguals. English-only for a year then students were put in a mainstream class. Parents could request a waiver if the child was 10 years of age, had special needs, or was fluent in English.
- 61% of Californians voted in favor of it
-MOST EFFECTIVE attack against bilingual education by millionaire Ron Unz -
No Child Left Behind
Signed by George W. Bush
Required assessments for emergent bilinguals...students who failed had the option to go to a different school in the same district, if they had space. If the school which needed improvement continued to fail they were shut down or restructured.
-2010... states lowered their standards so more students would seem proficient -
CCSS (Common Core State Standard)
- English Language Arts & Math Outlined what students were expected to know at the end of each grade. ONLY two and a half pages were devoted to English Language Learners. -By 2016 all (except 4) states adopted CCSS. -By 2017 10 states rewrote or replaces CCSS.
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ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act)
President Barack Obama signed reauthorization of ESEA to ESSA.
Continues the goal of preparing all students for success in college an career.
- doesn't require states to count scores of emergent bilinguals until the third year -
Seal of Biliteracy
Seals that are awarded at graduation to students that have studied and attained proficiency in more than one language.
Cali was the first to award the Seal of Biliteracy in 2012.
By 2017, 27 states had approved it.
