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38,000 BCE
North America- Paleo Indians
At the end of the Ice Age, the ocean levels dropped and formed a land bridge - The Bering Land Bridge. Evidence suggests that the Paleo Indians passed through that bridge into Alaska. They were hunter gatherers. (p. 6) -
1500 BCE
North America- Anasazi & Hopewell
Anasazis lived in the Four Corners region, built pueblos, kivas and grew maize. The Hopewell lived along the Missisippi, Ohio, lower Missouri River valleys, and built hundreds of mounds. -
Period: 1200 BCE to 1532
North America- Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Inca
The Olmec were known for their architecture and sculpting. The had spread their culture through trade. The Olmec and Maya grew mostly maize and lived in small villages. The maya built pyramids, temples, palaces etc. Historians don't know why the civilization ended. The Aztecs main reason to success was their strong military, which allowed them to conquer and make alliances. The Incas capital city was Cuzco, their official language was Quechua and are known for their art and building. (p. 8-9) -
900 BCE
North America- Vikings
Vikings were the first Europeans to reach North America when Erik the Red made it to Greenland from the Scandinavian Peninsula. The vikings also invented the longship that made it easier and more stable to travel. -
507 BCE
Rome & Greece- Governments
Rome was established as Republic, a type of democracy that allowed the elected officials to rule for a year and make decisions for people. Greece established a democracy, which is a type of governments that allows people to pick who they want as a leader, but also allow them to vote on certain big issues. -
300
Africa- Ghana
Ghana began because they tried to protect themselves from nomadic herders. Ghana was rich with gold and salt and was their main source of economy and their key to power. In 1060, they were attacked by the Almoravids and converted to Islam. -
600
West Africa- Slave Trade
Slavery had already existed in West Africa, but grew bigger after the Arab Muslims and Europeans became slave traders. Many criminals, oppositions in battles, or relatives of people who owed money were sold into slavery. This helped to make the economy in Ghana, Mali, and Songhai stronger. -
1100
Africa- Mali
Sundiata was the conquerer of Ghana, and the founder of Mali. The most famous ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa. He had made Mali powerful, rich, and famous. Under him, there were major architectural advances, as well as the spread of Islam. -
1300
Renaissance- Europe
The Renaissance was the rebirth of art & learning in Rome and Greece. The Renaissance was a time of growth for humanism which is humans over religion. During this period of time many artist like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci also thrived. There was also the invention of Gutenberg's printing press that drastically impacted the transmission of knowledge. During this time, the economy also grew because of mercantilism and join-stock companies that allowed fewer risks and bigger investments. -
1400
Africa- Songhai
Songhai's most famous ruler was Askai the Great. He encouraged education and many cities grew under his power. -
1400
Potugal- Exploring
Prince Henry the Navigator had established a school for sailors to enable Portugal to start exploring. The three reasons the Portuguese started exploring is for Asian spices, spread of Christianity, and curiosity. There had also been technological advances such as using the magnetic compass, the astrolabe, and caravel ships. Bartolomeau Dias, a Portuguese sailor had rounded the Cape of Good Hope, but did not go any further. Then, Vasco the Gama was the first European to find a sea route to Asia. -
Period: 1400 to
Europe- Age of Exploration
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1492
America- Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was the first European to reach America. He sailed west in hopes of reaching Asia, but reached the Bahamas instead. This voyage had caused conflict between Spain & Portugal causing them to establish the Line of Demarcation. Columbus had also caused the Columbian Exchange, which is a transfer of plants and animals from the Americas to Europe, Asia, and Africa. -
1519
Mexico- Spain Conquering the Aztecs & Incas
Hernan Cortez and the Conquistadors defeated Moctezuma II and conquered the Aztec Empire with steal armors. weapons, and the spread of diseases, and help from Aztec enemies. Francisco Pizzaro had conquered the Inca Empire with steel armor, weapons, & disease, and help from Inca enemies. -
1532
Americas- Spanish Settlements
The Spanish people called the North America New Spain, and South America Peru. There were three kinds of settlements, pueblos, missions, and presidios. Spanish settlers stole riches from the Native Americans and forced them to work for them. The encomienda system was a system that allowed the Spanish to control and regulate the labor of the Natives. Priests were also ordered to convert the natives. -
North America- Virginia
Virginia was the first permanent English settlement, but they were lacking preparation and many died. Then, John Smith came and encouraged the people to work hard and plant corn. John Rolfe had also taught the people how to plant tobacco. He had also married Pocahontas, which brought peace and freedom. -
Period: to
North America- English Colonization
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Americas- Slavery
European diseases killed many natives, causing colonists to look for labor forces. Many slaves from West Africa then arrived in America, summing up to 1 million in 100 years. They were put in terrible conditions, such as having to travel through the Middle Passage, which is a passage that crosses through the Atlantic, and one person only had around 13 inches of space. The African Diaspora was the spread out of Africans throughout the Americas. -
North America- Puritans
Puritans were a group of protestants that criticized the Anglican Church. They were pressured to leave England during The Great Migration and started the Massachusetts Bay Company. John Winthrop wanted a Christian community, so those who disagreed were kicked out of the colony. -
North America- Maryland
Maryland was owned by a Lord Baltimore. The first Lord Baltimore was George Calvert, who had first asked for a charter, but was granted to his son. It was a colony for the English Catholics, but there were many fights and conflict when the protestants came. Because of the many conflicts, there was the Toleration Act of 1649, which was the first law that supported tolerance of different religions in English colonies, but not all conflict stopped. -
North America- New York & New Jersey
An English fleet captured New Amsterdam and New Netherland. New Amsterdam was then named New York City, and New Netherland was named New Jersey. The new proprietors were Fir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley It was located between the Hudson and Delaware rivers. Fur trade was important and the main source to their economies. -
North America- The Carolinas
The Carolinas used to be one colony, but split because it was to hard to govern. Most of the colonist in North Carolina were farmers from Virginia, and most in South Carolina were new colonist from England. The colonist that came from England had brought enslaved Africans, and by 1730, there were 20,000 African slaves and only 10,000 English settlers. This made the settlers afraid of being overthrown which made them create strict slave laws. By 1729, the Carolinas had become royal colonies. -
North America- Pennsylvania & Delaware
Quakers one of the biggest religious groups in New Jersey. They believed in equality and tolerance. A Quaker named William Penn wanted to have a colony to prevent further persecution of Quakers. He was then granted a charter by King Charles II. The Duke of York also sold William Penn a region called Delaware. Large amounts of staple crops and slave trade were the main foundations of the Middle Colonies economy. -
North America- English Bill of Rights, The Great Awakening
Each colony had a governor as head of the colony. After James II was replaced, there was the English Bill of Rights which limited the power of the monarch. Parliament had also passed Navigation Acts to limit colonial trade and trading of certain items. Triangular trade was a system of trade between America, Britain, and Africa. The Great Awakening, that happened through 1730 and 1740 was a religious move that brought about revival in people's spiritual lives. -
North America- Georgia
Georgia was a buffer between Spanish Florida & other English colonies. James Oglethorpe was granted a charter in 1732 to start a colony. He wanted a colony that wasn't just owned by a few rich people. So he started the colony, limited size grants, and abolished slavery. Many people didn't like this, so Georgia was bought over and made into a royal colony. -
North America- British Placed Taxes
Samuel Adams believed that Parliament should have "No Taxation without Representation." The Stamp Act of 1765 was an act that forced colonists to pay buy an official stamp for paper items. -
North America- Boston Tea Party
The Tea Act was an act that allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonists. When the tea arrived, some colonists sneaked onto the ships and dumped the tea chests into the Boston Harbor. This caused Boston to receive the Intolerable Acts which is that Boston had to be closed until they paid for the tea, Massachusetts charter got canceled, royal officials were sent to trial, and the new Quartering Act forced colonists to house British soldiers -
North America- Pilgrims
Pilgrims separated from the Anglican church, and went to the Netherlands. They took their families on a ship called the Mayflower, which was where they wrote the Mayflower compact, a contract agreeing to have fair laws. Samoset was a brave Native American that welcomed the Pilgrims and introduced them to Squanto, who helped them build relations with the Wampanoag people. They had a meal together, which is now called Thanksgiving. Many Pilgrims worked hard and together to survive. -
North America- Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island
Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, were different from the colonies in the south. The had harsher climate, and rocky soil, meaning that it was harder to grow crops. Because they couldn't grow crops, their economy mostly relied on merchants, fishing, shipbuilding, and skilled craftspeople. -
Modern Day Connection
Askai the Great created specialized departments for different things, which is like in modern day where we have the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Human Resources, the Ministry of Finance etc. -
Modern Day Connection
The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of goods between different countries. This is like nowadays when we import and export goods from other countries to ours or ours to other countries. -
Modern Day Connection
Parliament had passed acts that required trade goods to add duties, or import taxes were added to the good. Which is like how nowadays we add import taxes and shipping fees.