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Manchu Dynasty
Most of the peasants lived in marginal conditions, working hard and they were the ones who paid the taxes. They faced starvation during droughts or floods and they just remain with a small portion of their harvest; causing unconformity. -
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Influence of Foreign Powers
European imperialist powers, America and Japan humillated and exploited China, causing them destabilization. China had to sign unequal treaties, giving to the Europeans controls over Chinese trade, territory and sovereignty. -
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Self - Strengthening Movement
It was a period of reform in China, which was a response to the increasing Western Power influence over China, also it was an attempt to resist and redress the agreements that China had been forced to agree. However, the Manchu Dynasty did not support the reform and they kept subjugated to the West. -
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Key Tensions and Issues
There was a increasing lack of unity in China, people were against the imperialism, they had an anti - foreign sentiment and they were suffering from political weakness. -
Double Tenth Revolution
Movement in which the Manchu Dynasty was overthrown.
It began when the government lost control of the military and most of the provinces in which China was divided, declared independent form Beijing. Mainly due to imperialism, anti - foreign sentiment and political weakness. -
Twenty One Demands
Japan sent a set of demands to China, in which Japan wanted the control over the factories, railways and ports of China; Yuan Shikai accepted because he feared a war against Japan. As a result, he lost popularity and rebelions started in all the provinces. -
The May Fourth Movement
Political movement protagonized by students and intellectuals who wanted to demonstrate against the Warlords, the traditional Chinese culture and the Japanese. Besides, they wanted to rebirth China as a proud and independent nation.
Also, they were inspired by revolutionary ideologies, mainly by the Bolsheviks. -
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Warlord Era
It was a period of time in which China lost its unity and divided into small states, each controlled by a warlord and its private army.
The peasants and the people suffered the continious wars, their sense of humillation increased and also their sense of nationalism did. -
The First United Front
It was an alliance between the Guomindang party (GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The GMD was ideologically based on nationalism, while the CCP on communism.
Both parties came together to free China of the imperialist powers and to get rid of the warlords. -
Purification Movement
The GMD analized that they could not longer be allies of the CCP due to they had the support of the popular classes and that would affect the GMD ambitions of unify China under their control.
As a result, the GMD carried out massacres to communists, trade unionists and peasant leaders.
