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Acadians are exiled from their homes
Acadians were forced to swear allegiance to the British after problems with the French. Upon refusal of allegiance the Acadians were deported, land and housing burned.
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The Conquest
A British invasion led by General James Wolfe defeated the French troops led by Montcalm. Quebec surrendered to the British.
The Conquest created hostility between the Francophones and Anglophones therefore protecting the French culture further. https://tce-live2.s3.amazonaws.com/media/media/ea7e8555-9481-4ebb-9585-dc9a4abd22d8.jpg -
Roya proclamation declares FN are sovereign
All land is reserved for First Nations that is not purchased from them, and those who are not First Nations and haven't bought the land from them should not disturb them in any way. Link text -
Lord Durham's report
Durham's purpose was to travel to North America and investigate Upper and Lower Canada. It was then that he created the recommendation to united Canada to create one colony and create responsible government. French were opposed to this due to the push for assimilation of their culture. https://tce-live2.s3.amazonaws.com/media/media/65ee2cc4-fcf5-4663-b8d2-f9ce30422a92.jpg -
Confederation of Canada
Four provinces (NB, NS, QC, and ON) joined confederation in 1867.
As Canada continued to grow it became more prosperous and and diverse and that is important to the contribution of modern day Canadian identity.
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Manitoba Schools Question
The struggle of Francophones within Manitoba to receive education in their mother tongue and the separation between church and state. After a long time of being denied rights, the francophones were allowed to instructs and be taught in French.
This event plays an important role in Canadian history because it increased the number of different cultures within Manitoba's school systems.
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Indian Act is first created
An act pertaining to the First Nations (not Metis or Inuit) that gave them Indian status, money and land that was regulated by the government. This is important because it promoted assimilation.
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Chinese Head Tax
A fixed fee that charged the Chinese everytime they entered Canada. This was set in place to discourage immigration to promote a "white Canada." Women who were married to non-Chinese men were exempted. -
Conscription Crisis during WW1
Conscription is compulsory enlistment. Typically the French did not support this and that created an even bigger barrier between the people.This barrier is important because it supports the French's decision to maintain a strong francophone identity.
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Chinese Immigration Act
An Act banning Chinese immigrants for (roughly) 24 years. This act was put in place solely because of racism and the push for a "White Canada."
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Referendum of Newfoundland
Two referendums to decide whether Newfoundland joins Canada.
The second referendum led votes for confederation by 52%. http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/NFLDHistory/images/Canada20welcomes20Newfoundland.jpg -
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Quiet Revolution
A time of rapid change within Quebec. Attempts were made to redefine francophone identity within Canada and the church separated from the school system. -
Election of the Parti Quebecois
The PQ was created in the best interest of the French community within Quebec, as they wanted a separate government from the rest of Canada. https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/54/146254-004-0CB13F94.jpg -
White paper on aboriginal rights
A government policy attempting to abolish documents related to the indigenous peoples, which included the Indian Act and treaties... in hopes to accomplish assimilation.
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Red Paper
A response to the white paper of 1969. This red paper is a resistance to assimilation and acknowledges treaties.
This is important in defining what is important to the First Nations people of Canada without assimilating them.
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The FLQ Crisis
Members of the FLQ kidnapped the British trade commissioner, and the minister of labour was killed. The FLQ arose to create an independent Quebecois state... This is the first time in Canada the War Measures Act has been invoked.
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The Calder Case
The first recognition of aboriginal title in place of Canadian law. This case was taken to the supreme court because the right to recognize the Nass River Valley land as land of the Nisga'a tribe had been extinguished.
As an affect of this case... the context and definition of Aboriginal was more deeply explored.
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Bill 101 is passed
Also known as The Charter of the French Language, made french the official language within Quebec.
Because of underrepresentation of francophones within politics and economics they started to believe the french language was fragile... eventually gaining political and economical control over Quebec. -
NEP is implemented
An attempt by the government to gain greater control over Canadian petroleum industry and redistribute that wealth to the rest of this country. This is significant because this angered the Western provinces. http://www.cbc.ca/alberta/features/tories40/images/1981-lougheed-trudeau-400.jpg -
Official multiculturalism within Canada
Multiculturalism was officially acknowledged in the Charter of 1982, and in 1988 the Canadian Multiculturalism Act. This act promotes participation of all origins within communities.
The Multiculturalism Act protects ethnic, racial, linguistic, and diversity within Canadian society and is important to Canadian identity for that reason. https://gnds125g5.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/canadian-flag-mosaic-by-tim-van-horn-2010.jpg -
Meech Lake Accord
An agreement between federal and provincial to declare Quebec a distinct society and strengthen provincial powers by amending the constitution - although it was never put into effect.
The Accord is important because as a result the Bloc Quebecois was created to pursue Quebec's interests Link text -
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The OKA Crisis
A standoff between police and Mohawk protesters over development of a golf course and condominiums on ancient burial grounds. This crisis aided in creating the Royal Commission of Aboriginal Peoples. -
Formation of Bloc Quebecois
A federal party created after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. This party was created to voice the interests, and concerns of the Quebec people.
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Charlottetown Accord
Provinces were given power over cultural affairs, forestry and mining. This accord was important in developing Canada as it is today because it enhanced Canada's social and economic unions (school, healthcare, etc.) Link text -
Royal commission on aboriginal people
A royal commission to restructure the relationships between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people within Canada. This commission means respect for their culture, values, and right to self-determination.
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Supreme Court determines that turbans can be worn with the RCMP uniform
A Sikh man was being forced into choosing between his religion and Canadian identity by removing his turban. This is important to Canadian identity because the Stetson was known as a symbol of Canada and by allowing him to express his religious practices this promotes multiculturalism within Canada. Link text -
Quebec; A nation within Canada
Harper addresses Quebecois as a nation within Canada. This is important because he would like to recognize them as a nation but not one who is separate from Canada because the French helped build Canadian history.
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Canada apologizes for residential schools
PM Stephen Harper publicly apologizes to First Nations people. From this apology stemmed the Truth and Reconciliation Act.
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TRC 94 Calls to Action
To advance reconciliation within Canada, the government created the 94 Calls to Action. This addresses the Residential Schools and how the people were treated (and should be treated.)
The 94 Calls to Action is important to Canadian culture and identity because First Nations people are being accepted as Canadian and not just First Nations. https://i1.wp.com/peacequest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2017-07-01-TRC-Recommendations.png -
National Inquiry into murdered and missing indigenous women and girls
The mission of the national inquiry is to learn the truth and honour the legacy of missing and murdered indigenous women.
The three goals are;
1) Finding the truth
2) honouring the truth
3) giving life to the truth as a path to healing
The national inquiry plays a vital role in providing a safe cultural space for these women.
