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Reaction to French Revolution
The Congress of Vienna sent foreign ministers to make peace agreement and restore order. This happened in 1814 in September after the first defeat of Napoleon. -
Klemens von Metternich Ideas
Kelemens von Metternich a foreign minister from Austria created three ideas, and was influential at Vienna. The first was Principle of Legitimacy, then the second one was the Balance of Power, and the third was Principle of Intervention. -
Principle of Intervention
Countries agree to meet to discuss steps to maintain peace called Concert of Europe. This gave countries to send military into countries with revolutions to restore monarchies. -
Balance of Power
People want to punish France and split it up. Metternich realizes that it isn't the Frances people's fault. Gave Poland to Russia because of Industry in Poland, and Austria and Poland got land to balance it, then they also ignored Nationalism. -
Revolutions of 1848
France from 1830-1848 had economy downturn, blamed King Louis Philippe. set up workshops for poor 60-120,000 to get training, it backfired lost money and grouped angry poor in one place. -
German Unification
After failure of the 1848 unification,1860 King of Prussia, William I, tried to raise taxes to build up army more the legislation refused. Bismarck uses the militarism, and nationalism and “politics of reality” to unite Germany. -
New Nations Italy and Germany
Crimean War, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Balkans would be a warm water port to the Mediterranean. France and Great Britain afraid of Russia gaining too much, declare war on Russia by the next year. -
Principle of Legitimacy
The Principle of Legitimacy was Hereditary leaders should be in power, and only claimed Divine Right. This put King Louis XVIII on the throne in France. They also removed Napoleons relatives from thrones elsewhere. -
Conservatism vs. Liberalism and Nationalism
Conservation believed in obedience to politics, organized religion, and social stability followed by Metternich and leaders. Traditionally it is very anti the Enlightenment argued reason failed and is not like todays conservatism. -
Law of Unintended Consequences
Argued radical change would always fail because they are made by a few and current society is the product of 1000s of yrs of the best minds and evolution. -
Revolutions in Central Euro
Austrian Empire had issues too many nationalities in one place the Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, Ukranians, and Italians. Were held together by the Hapsburg dynasty. Revolutions for the Hungarians and Czechs end in compromise. -
1871 huge celebration
France forced to pay 5 billion in todays money and give up region of Alsace and Loraine. Both regions will be places of dispute for the next 1/2 century. William I declares he is the Emperor of Germany. -
Build up to WWI
Reform in Europe Reform in Europe able to econ. create stability did have rise in nationalism from Irish. Queen Victoria longest ruling monarch from 1837 - 1901 created rise in British nationalism, duty, and respectability. -
Russia
Very backward, rural, divine right monarchy. Conservative able to deal with revolts using oppression humiliating loss in Crimea was wakeup call then Czar Alexander II makes changes.
