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Born in 1491, Henry VIII became King of England at the age of 17 in 1509. He had six wifes and three of his children reign after him: Edward; Mary and Elizabeth. He is one of the must famous and emblematic English Kings.
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After the Act of Succession which made Anne Boleyn a legitimate Queen. The Act of Supremacy was made and the King was made "Supreme Head of the Church of England". The Pope excommunicated King's Henry VIII. -
Henry decided taht the monasterires were bastions of "popery". So the monasteries were disbanded and the Crown appropriated their income and lands. That leads to a huge impact on: nuns and monks; social fabric of communities and clergy's finances. -
The dissolution process was interrupted by rebellious in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. These were the greatest rebellious ever faced by a Tudor monarch. The "Pilgrimage of Grace" lasted 6 months.
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The permission was given for an English Bible and not a Latine one.
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Edward VI was Henry VIII's and Jane Seymor's son, and became King at the age of 9. So, the new King's eldest uncle, Edward Seymor became Lord Protecter.
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The Book of Common Prayers was published and impossed; that led to rebellious in Cornwall and Devon. By the way, Roman Catholic practices were eradicated and the marriage of clergy was allowed. -
In 1553 Edward VI died of tuberculosis and Mari I became the first Queen of Englad. Mary I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was 37 years old and married to the Catholic King of Spain Philip II, when she became Queen of England.
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Mary I repealed the Protestant legislation of her father and half brother and she restored Catholicism in 18 months. For that Protestants were declared heretics and were burned. In fact, more than 200 protestants went to the stake until 1558. -
Mary I death was greeted because she had turn the nation against her. She asked her half-sister Elizabeth to swear thet she would carry on the Catholic Reform.
Elizabeth I is Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn daughter and also a protestant. She became queen at 25 and had to appease religious tensions after 25 years of religious changes. -
1559:
- Act of Supremacy: Church organisation
-Act of Uniformity: Religious belief
1563-1571: the 39 articles of faith
In that way the Via Media, the Anglican Compromise. That's when the Anglican Church retained Catholic features and adopted new Protestants ones.
But Puritans wanted the Anglican Church to go further on with Protestantism. While Catholics were against religious reforms and wanted Catholicism back. -
After the Concil of Treat (1545-1563), where the Roman Catholic Church condemmed protestants heresies. The Pope Pius V issued the papal bull and excommuniated Elizabeth calling her "a heretic". -
Anyone who would say that Elizabeth I was not the true Queen of England and Wales was considered traitor. -
The 1581 act: provided for death penalty for any person converting or converted to Catholicism; it was forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic mass and Anglican services were compulsory (£ 20 per month fine).
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Some young Catholics had sworn to Kill Elizabeth I and put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary and this group. -
Mary Queen of Scots was King James V of Scots and Mary the Guise daughter. She was the French King Francis II widow. In 1568, she was involved in a civil war in Scotland and had to fly to England. Elizabeth granted her shelter but kept her under close watch and Mary was imprisoned during 19 years. Mary was convicted for complicity of he Babington plot and sentence to death. -
The Catholic King of Spain Philip II supported several plots against Elizabeth I. While she supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain. So the King of Spain attempted to invade England but he failed. Because England had material and human advantages. -
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Poor Laws were passed in 1553, 1597 and 1601. It established the idea that central and local governments had a responsability for helping the poor. But also a distinction between "deserving" and "underserving" poor. -
James I of England was Mary Queen of Scots' son. He became King of Scotland in 1567. He also was a stron believer in the divine rights of kings.
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James I continued Elizabeth's harsh repressive laws, while the Catholics had placed high hopes in him. So a small group of Catholics tried to blow up Parliement and kill James I. -
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The king inherited a £100000 debt. By the way, JamesI was extravangant, he will spend money on gifts for his friends. The Great Contract will give the king a fixed sum but some members of the parliament feared that the King would not need to call Parliament anymore. That's why, the House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract. -
James had confirrmed
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England had been military defeated and was at war with Spain and France. The war had consequences : the raising of troops (which had an important impact on the local population) and a huge strain on finances.
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James I wanted to help his daughter and son in law with the Thirty years' war. By the way, England as a protestant power had to intervene. So James I summoned a parliament to ask for money for war. Parliament discus about foreign policy, which angered the King. This lead to the dissolution of the Parliament. -
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Charles I was married to the French princess Henrietta Maria who was a Catholic. He favored a minority wing of Anglicans: the Arminians. Just like James I, he firmily believed in the divine right of Kings.
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The Members of the Parliament request the King to recognize the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, bulleting, martial laws, imprisonment without trial.( They wanted to get Charles I to recognise that there were limits to his power). Charles signed it but was furious. -
Declared that :
-whoever tried to bring "popery or arminianism" or alter protestant reforms was an enemy of the Kingdom
-as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without the Parliament consent = act of defiance
The king imprisonned these members and dissolved the Parliament . -
During those 11 years the King ruled without calling a Parliament. Archibishop Laud (Arminian) was determined to impose uniformity in church practice; which for many protestants saw this as a return to Catholicism.
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Those 3 men had written pamphlets attacking Laud were put in the pillory and their ears were cut off. -
the introduction of the New Prayer Book (Book of Common Prayer) set Scotland aflame.
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Petition oppossing Charles' religious policy: the Scottish National Covenant. Scotland and England both started to form an army. -
Charles I called Parliament for the first time in 11years, because he needed money to fight the Scots. Charles I dissolved Parliament after 3 weeks.
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The Scots invaded England and emerged victorious. With the treaty of Ripon: Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army
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Irish Catholics rebels rose up against Protestants settlers (massacre of 4000 protestants). -
The army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament.
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An important documentvoted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and coclued on "revolutionary" demands -
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attepted to arrest 5 Members of the Parliament. -
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The Royalists "Cavaliers" supported the King and were against the Parliamentarians "Roundheads" whom believed that the Parliament should make the laws.
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A new army created; this was a national/centralized army
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The battle of Naseby was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken. -
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The King escaped from any custody and allied himself with the Scots
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The 2nd Civil War was made of a series of revolts in the South of England, Wales and Scotland. The Royalists were easily defeated by Cromwell.
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Colonel Ride entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader of the Members of Parliament.
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Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (republic)
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Massacre of the Irish Royalist troops and civilians in Drogheda.
Wexford massacre -
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The Quaker James Nayler who imitated Christ's entry into Jerusalem was harshly punished
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England's first and only written constitution -
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With a general amnesty; the continuation of religious toleration and the share of power with the Parliament
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The English took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland and New Amsterdam became New York
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religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all protestants
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By 1700, Ireland was essentially a client state
of Britain
Plantations under Elizabeth and James I
Conquest under Cromwell and William III -
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Led by the “Old Pretender” James Francis Edward Stuart (the son of James II)
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The Whig Party
Had supported the Glorious Revolution
Dominated British politics from 1715 to the 1760s (challenges to Whig rule from 1760s onward) -
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Led by the “Young Pretender” Bonnie Prince Charlie (the grandson of James II) -
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Declaration of Independence. Grievances against George III -
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The Tory Party
Had supported the Stuarts
Remained excluded from major positions until 1783 -
Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States -
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France
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Britain at war with France
Combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motives -
an uprising against British rule in Ireland
Influenced by the ideas of the American and
French revolutions
Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
Rebels defeated (/atrocities) -
Craetion of the United Kingdom
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Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the
Parliament of the UK -
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End of the Napoleonic Wars.Napoléon Bonaparte was defeated
by Wellington’s Army during the battle of Waterloo -
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gave the right to vote to 5% of the population in Britain