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- Witches were persecuted during Tudor Era.
- Women ("influenced by the devil) and men (10-15% : occult activities)
- Were hanged.
- Matthew Hopkins : witch-hunter (1620-1647)
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- A devoted catholic.
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The break with Rome.
- Henry VIII was born in 1491, son of Henry VII (the first Tudor king) and Elisabeth of York. He was 17 when he became king in 1509.
- Under his reign, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. This is called Schism. (break with the Pope authority).
- He had six wives. Two were divorced and two beheaded. -
95 Theses On the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences.
- He was a German monk and a professor of
theology who protested the sale of indulgences.
- He wrote the famous text: The Ninety-Five
Theses in 1517.(start the Eurepean Reformation)
- On 31 October, 1517, Luther nailed this
devastating critique of the Indulgences to the
door of the University in Wittenberg.
- He was excommunicated (expelled from the
Church) in 1521 and declared a heretic. -
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Bible transalted in english.
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Bible translated in english by Tyndale -
Power and authority transfered to The King
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Gave the King the legal power to annul marriages.
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- The Church of England separated from Catholic Church.
- Break away from the Pope’s authority
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The Pope declared that Anne was not the King's wife
and Henry was excommunicated -
King was made "Supreme Head of The Church of England".
- When the schism happened.
- The King’s Great Matter (divorce) had led England to break from the Roman Catholic Church! -
- Huge rebellions faced by a Tudor monarch, in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
- Against dissolution of monasteries.
- For the restauration of the Pope and for Mary Tudor as queen. Brutal repression : public hangings.
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The Crown appropriated their incomes and lands. Monasteries ('bastion of "popery") disapeared. Valuables confiscated.
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Mandantory in every church.
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By 1536, smaller monasteries had disappeared and greater ones by 1538.
Huge impact :
- on monks and nuns.
- on communities (education, hospitality)
- on clergy's finances. -
- Defined witchcraft as a crime punishable by death.
- Repealed in 1547 by Edward VI.
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- The roman Catholic church attempted to correct abuses of the church.
- Condemned protestant heresis.
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The young King, first heir.
Son of Jane Seymore and Henry VIII. -
A series of mesures pushed England towards Protestantism.
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Used during services of the Church of England (anglicanism) -
- Second heir : born in 1516, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII.
- The first queen regnant.
- Married to Philip II of Spain.
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- The Catholic Restoration.
- Protestants as heretics were burned between 1555 and 1558, and forced to leave the country.
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Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII : third heir, born in september 7th 1533. -
- "The Virgin Queen" (she never got married).
- Wanted to pacify the country to avoid religious divisions.
- Religious Compomise with a "Middle Way" (via media).
- The Dolden Age : An age of exploration and expansion. (Francis Drake/ Walter Raleigh) + The age of English Renaissance (eg:Shakespeare) + construction of the myth.
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The Queen Elizabeth I is the "Supreme Governor of the Church of England". -
Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer and attend an anglican service. -
Robert Dudley, 1st of Leicester, had a love affair with Elizabeth, but was married, and his wife died. This contributed to a huge scandal, and Elizabeth decided to never marry.
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- Stated the doctrine of the Church.
- 3 important changes : a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church) /a new doctrine of Salvation /a new definition of sacraments and of the mass.
- Still in use today.
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- Daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise (french).(1542 - 1587)
- Mary Stuart, raised in France as a Catholic, widow of the french King Francis II.
- Involved in the civil war in Scotland, flee to England granting elisabeth shelter.
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6000 insurgents against religious reform (led by The earl of Northunberland and Westornland). Attempt to replace the Queen by Mary, Queen of Scots. -
Excommunicated by Pope Pius V -
In this text Pope Pius V rejests and denounces the Queen authority.
- It excommunicated Elizabeth
- It gave Catholics licence to kill Elisabeth. -
Response to the papal Bull.
Made it treason for anyone to say that Elisabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales. -
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To retainthe Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience :
- Death penalty and forbid to participate the Catholic mass.
- Anglican services were compulsory £20 per month fine. -
Rules were given to paint the Queen's portrait :
- painters needed to have indergone a 7 years training.
- portraits destroyed if offending.
- Had to depict the power of the Queen.
- Religious paintings would be substitued for Royal icons .
- Medieval taste. -
Youg Catholic sworn to kill Elizabeth. (discovered by Walsingham in a coded letter) -
- Elizabeth I executed her because she was her heir, a threat, and she participated to the Babington Plot in 1586. She was executed in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs.
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- King Philip II of spain (catholic) try to invade England with his "Grande y Felicisima Armada" (commander : Earl of Medina Sidonia)= 130 ships, 18 000 men)
- Queen Elizabeth I : new fleet = 800 ships
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The queen Elizabeth I made this speech in Tilbury, Essex, in order to rally the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the
Spanish Armada:
“I know I have the body of a weak woman but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a King of England too”. -
- By James Rx : approved the hunt of witches, punishable by death.
- Published by Jack VI of Scotland.
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Passed in 1553, 1597, and 1601 :
- Local governments had a responsibility for helping the poor : difference between "deserving poor" and "undeserving poor". One of the most famous legacy of the Queen's reign. -
- Son of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
- King of Scots in 1567
- King of England in 1603
- Strongly believer in the Divine rights of Kings.
- Held Calvinist (Protestant) view.
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First time a king is the King of England and Scotland.
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- She died at the age of 69.
- She had secured the position of England in the world
- Her heir was the son of her cousin Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) : James VI of Scotland: became James I of England.
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- Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the Parliament and try to kill James I. (so G.Fawkes was killed for this)
- 36 barrels of gunpowder in a cellar under The Parliament.
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This is the contrepiece of the financial reforms :
- The King would receive a fixed sum.
- Menbers of Parliament feared that the King would be financially independant.
- The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of The Great Contract and James I dismissed Parliament. -
A new English translation of The Bible.
- James I was presented with The Millenary Petition ( signatures of Church Ministers to purify the last traces of Catholicism) -
- England faced with many military defeats.
- England faced in war with Spain (Philip III) and France (Richelieu)
- The longest and most destructive conflict in European history.
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- A minority of Puritans left England, boarded The Mayflower to create the first New England colony.
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- Son of James I
- Married Henrietta Maria (catholic spanish princess)
- Small height and fragile health.
- Believe in the divine rights of kings.
- Favoured The Arminians (Protestants with catholics features : restored ceremonies, increase authority of bishops and clergy).
- His advisor : Lord Buckingham.
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Menbers of Parliament 's complaints.
- They requested the King to recognize the illegality of extra parliamentary taxation, biletting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
- Wanted Charles recognize his limits of power.
- Charles signed (reluctantly). -
Members of Parliament passed The Tree Resolutions :
- Whoever tried to bring popery or Arminianism, alter protestant form of the Church of England = enemy of The Kingdom.
- Anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament's consent. -
"The Eleven years Tyranny"
- After The Tree resolutions, Charles I imprisoned and dissolved Parliament.
- Personal Rule during 11 years : Charles ruled without a Parliament. -
3 protestant men who had written pamplets : attacked Archbishop Laud and religious reform.
- Pulled on the pillory as criminal = martyrs for protestants.
- Embobied religious changes. -
Book of Common Prayer (Edward VI) revised by Archbishop Laud. -
- End of Personal Rule.
- Outbreak of The Civil War (caused by crisis in England, Scotland and Ireland)
- Caused also by The New Prayer Book and religious changes. (new position of the Altar, kneeling at Jesus name...)
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Petition against Charles' religious policy.
- The Scottish general Assembly removed the Bishops
(for Charles = act of rebellion)
- Scotland and England started to form an army. -
- War against scottish (1639- 1640)/ Bishops = King Charles's agents.
- Scotland and England formed an army : Scotland invaded England and were victorious.
- Charles called for The Parliament (The Short Parliament for money) and dissolved it.
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- War against scottish (1639- 1640)/ Bishops = King Charles's agents.
- Scotland and England formed an army : Scotland invaded England and were victorious.
- Charles called for The Parliament (The Short Parliament for money) and dissolved it.
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Peace Treaty:
- Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army (humiliation)
- He called Parliament again = The Long Parliament (till 1660) -
After the massacre of 3000/4000 protestants in Ireland, the Parliament passed a Militia Act to raised an army controlled by a general appointed by Parliament. (it was an attack towards the King) -
List of complains of Personal Rule.
Document voted by Parliament against Charles I.
= divided Parliament into 2 groups : the Parliamentarians and the Royalists -
2 forces :
- The Royalists ans the Parliamentarians.
- 190 000 Englishmen died.
- May 1646 : The King and the Royalists surrendered = King's defeat ! -
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The Army issued the Agreement of the People (no authority above Parliament) = Elections!
- The Putney Debates. -
- From January to Autumn 1648 = revolts in the South of England, Wales and Scotland.
- Royalists defeated by Cromwell.
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-Colonel PRIDE enter in the House of Commons, stoped the vote and arrested 45 conservative leader of Menbers of Parliament.
-The remainders= "Rump Parliament" put the King on trial for high treason. -
England was declared a Commonwealth = a Republic on March 1649. -
- Led by irish Catholics
- Crushed by Cromwell
- Massacre of the Irish troops in Drogheda and Wexford.
- Royalists revolts in Ireland and Scotland repressed by Cromwell.
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= between two reigns, 2 Kings
The Commonwealth ans the Cromwellian Protectorate. -
1649 :
- Monarchy abolished
- The House of Commons had supreme head.
- Ruled as a Republic.
- 16th december 1653 : end of the Commonwealth and start of the Protectorate. -
King Charles I executed = regicide !
- Royalists in Europe and in England are shocked : propaganda = the King's Charles I = a marthyr. -
England's first and only written Constitution :
- Protect the cult, religious tolerance, freedom of faith. -
New Parliament = The Barebones Parliament. -
The Protectorate was a military Dictatorship : monarchy without the King !
- Cromwell = Lord Protector.
- Parliaments of 460 members elected for 3 years.
- Concil of State : 21 members served for life. -
- His son richard became Lord Protector, resigned after 6 months.
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7 governments in less than a year!
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- King desires for a reconciliation.
- Tension between the King and the Parliament. The Clarendon Code : series of laws passed during the first 5 years of Restoration :
- Five Miles Act
- The Act of Uniformity 1662 : ministers sweared to conform to the Book of Common Prayer.
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Charles II, king of England, Scotland and Ireland.
- Raised a scotish army to invade England.(defeated by Cromwell)
- Charles II escaped. -
- 1660 : Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda
- King restored = The Restoration
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- Plot organised by the French to murder Charles II, and replace him by his Catholic brother, James II.
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Parliament attempted to debar james II from the succession to the throne.
= Charles II dissolved the Parliament. -
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- James II fled to France and his daughter Mary was married to the Dutch William of Orange.
- Parliament invited William of Orange to invade England (no resistance) = King William
- "glorious" : shedding no blood.
- Stable political system : development of a Constitutional Monarchy.
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Joint monarchy : Mary Stuart (daughter of James II) and the Dutch William of Orange
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- Limited monarchs' power.
- Lead Britain's transformation from Monarchy to a Constitutional Monarchy.
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- Ensured a Protestant succession.
- Put an end on the quarrel between King and Parliament.
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Last Stuart monarch.
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- Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain : England, Wales and Scotland. (single kingdom).
- ratified under Queen Anne.
- 1801 : Second Act of Union : England, Scotland, and Ireland.
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