-
1215
Magna Carta
Garantie of right and libertie -
Period: 1455 to 1485
War of the Roses
House of Lancaster VS House of York for the English throne -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Reign of Henry VIII
House of Tudor -
1517
95 Theses by Martin Luther
Reformation -> against delivery of indulgences
-> Sola Fide - Faith Alone
-> challenges Pope's authority
-> Sola Scriptura - scriptures over rituals -
1533
Henry VIII marry Anne Boleyn
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1534
Act of Supremacy
Establishment of the Church of England
King becomes head of the church
Break up with the catholic church and defy Pope's authority -
1534
Treason Act
It is punishable by death to challenge idea of Supremacy.
Ex: Thomas More is executed because of the treason act in 1535. -
1536
Pontefract Articles
Rebellion against changes in religion and more
Conservative part of pop. lead by Robert Aske
demands in Pontefract Articles 1536:
- go back before Supremacy Act
- enclosure gone
- Parliament move in the north
some sucess in the beginning
-> defeated and Aske executed -
1536
Whales Act of Union
Gradual Acceptance
before Reformation -> Pagan / Christians - opposed to Reformation
problem of language -> English worships but welsh speaking country
Under Elyzabeth -> welsh traductions -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Dissolution of monasteries
Monasteries: religious house to help poor people, sick people,...
dissolution of monasteries because of:
- corruption / represented cathilicism
- papal power
- money -> take their lands - sell them -
1537
English Bible
The Bible is now published in english to allow common people to read it. It was only in Latin before. -
1543
Women and Bible
Women are not allowed to read the Bible -
Period: 1547 to 1550
Reign of Edward
House of Tudor
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour -
1549
Book of Common prayer
Product of the Reformation
New Prayer Book -
1549
South Rebellion
=> attempt from the high people (the king) to reform the church
=> resistance from low people -
Period: 1552 to 1558
Reign of Mary I
House of Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon -
1553
Forty-two Articles
Articles of Faith
Statement of the Church of England -
Period: 1558 to
Reign of Elizabeth I
House of Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn -
1559
Act of Supremacy
Re-establishing the Reformation -
1559
New Book of Common Prayer
Elizabeth restaured the Reformation and the Book of Common Prayer with modifications. -
Period: to
Englo-spanish war
England allies itself with the Netherlands and France against Spain -
Mary Queen of Scots execution
Mary is executed because of the plots against Elizabeth. -
Deafeat of the Spanish Armada
Spain attempted an England invasion by the “Invincible Armada”. They are defeated (with the help of the weather). -
The True Law of Free Monarchies
Essay of a political theory by James VI and I.
Monarch doesn't have to answer to anybody -
Period: to
Reign of James VI and I
James VI of Scotland and I of England
Stuart
Son of Elizabeth I and Henry Stuart
King of Scotland: 1567-1625, King of England: 1603-25 -
Gunpowder Plot
Catholic opposition because of discrimination as a minority, they want to restaure a catholic crown.
They plot to blow up the Parliament.
It fails:
-> consequences = Catholics are tolerated but they have to swear allegiance to the king (-> majority accepted)
= virulent anti-catholicism through 17th c. and 18th c. -
King James Bible
New english transation of the Bible requested by James VI and I. -
Period: to
Reign of Charles I
Stuart
Son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark.
Tried to rule as an absolute monarch but less skillful so began a Civil War -
Petition of Rights
English Consistutional document.
Principles to give power to the Parliament and against absolute monarchy especially that the King can not raise taxes without their consent. -
Period: to
Reign without Parliament
Charles I wanted to instaure absolute monarchy. He tried ruling without Parliment.
Called the "Eleven Years of Tiranny". -
Period: to
Short Parliament
Charles I forced to sumon the Parliament. -
Period: to
Long Parliament
-
The Irish Rising
Charles I, William Laud, Thomas Wentworth (Lord Deputy) want to develop:
• Religious uniformity (Arminianism)
• Political obedience
Opposition from Old English elite, Irish Gaelic and New English Elite to unite against the crown.
-> violence against English Protestant. -
Period: to
Civil War
Civil Wars in the British Isles.
Charles I unpopular because of his vision of absolute monarchy. -
Putney Debates
28 October - 8 November
Discussion over the political settlement after the victory of the Parliament over the King.
=> Inconclusive -
Charles I executed
Charles I refuse the settlement conditions that the Army offered. He goes to trial and refuses to plead.
He was executed on January 30, 1649 -
Period: to
Commonwealth
England as a Republic after the Second English Civil War. -
Pride's Purge
Colonel Thomas Pride excludes the members of the Parliament who voted to settle. The New Model Army takes over. -
Period: to
Occupation of Scotland
Scotland resistance against the Commonwealth. Lead to a military occupation of Scotland. Scots are Presbyterian so no massacre. -
Period: to
Conquest of Ireland
The regicide and the Republic was very unpopular in Ireland -
Abolition of Monarchy / House of Lords
6-7 February 1649 – abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords -
Cromwell 'Lord Protector'
Cromwell dissolves the Parliament and becomes Lord Protector -
Cromwell refuses crown
Cromwell is offered kingship but he refuses. The title of 'Lord Protector' becomes hereditary. -
Period: to
Richard Cromwell 'Lord Protector'
Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector after his father's death and resigne in 1659 -
Death of Cromwell
Cromwell dies. Tensions between the Parliament and the NMA kept growing. Commonwealth very unstable. -
Declaration of Breda
The Delaration of Breda was issued by Charles II to adress the conditions and the problems of taking the crown. In the text, Charles II grant pardon to the people that did crimes against the crown during the Civil War if they swear allegiance except for those who had done the regicide. He also wants to reinstate monarchy without bloodshed but believes kings are chosen by God. He also wants religious toleration. -
Period: to
Charles II reign
Stuart.
Exiled in France because of Cromwell being Lord Protector. Comes back when England reinstaure monarchy. He becomes king. -
Corporation Act
The elected Parliament was not willing to declare religious toleration. They passed the Corporation Act that restricted right for those who were not part of the Anglican Church. -
Great Fire of London
September 2 to 6
Worst fire of London's history, it destroyed a great part of the city. The Catholics were blamed for it. -
Treaty of Dover
Treaty signed in Dover. Agreement between Louis XIV and Charles II officially for England to show diplomatic support to France. However, in secret, it was also agreed that England should convert to Catholicism. -
Popish Plot
Titus Oates revealed a fake Catholic plot to asassinate Charles II to place James on the throne. 35 people were at trial and executed for it. -
Period: to
Charles II - Absolute monarchy
Charles II ruled without Parliament until he died. -
Period: to
James II reign
Stuart. Catholic.
Becomes king when Charles II dies. End of his reign in 1688 when William of Orange invades England. -
Period: to
The Glorious Revolution
Also called the 'Bloodless Revolution'.
William issued a declaration to explain why he was invading. He wanted to protect the Protestant religion, the 'laws and liberties of England, Scotland and Ireland and he thought James Francis Edward Stuart was illegitimate to claim the throne.
William of Orange arrives in London, James II tries to gain time and flees to France. He takes the throne delcared vacant but has to invade Scotland and Ireland which resists until 1690. -
Invasion of England
William Of Orange (the Netherlands ruler) is requested by letters by 7 nobles to invade England. He is married to Mary, daughter of the king and he is a Protestant.
He lands in Brixham with 20 000 soldiers. -
Bill of Rights
Declares:
- The illegality of the actions of James II
- The power of the crown and the Parliament
- A Protestant succession -
Period: to
William III and Mary II reign
William III and Mary II co-sovereign of England.
Mary dies in 1694 and William in 1702 but his health declined from 1700.
No heir so throne goes to Mary's sister Anne. -
Period: to
Anne reign
-
Act of Settlement
Act that settles the succession line:
William III - Anne - Sophia of Hanover - her heirs
= Parliament decided the succesion and made provisions against Catholics claimants and foreign intervention. -
Act of Union Scotland
Put into effect the Treaty of Union
Becomes Kingdom of Great Britain.
Scottish Parliament disappears so 45 Scottish MPs go to the House of Congress and 16 in the House of Lords.
The Kirk and the Legal Systems remains unchallenged.
= The United Kingdom is born -
Period: to
George I reign
Hanover.
Son of Sophia. King of England until his death.