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The War of the Roses was a series of civil wars in England opposing two houses, the House of York (the white rose) and the House of Lancaster (the red rose). The end of the War was marked by the Battle of Bosworth (1485) and the Tudor dynasty.
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He succeeded to Edward III and had a very popular reign marked by the practice of attainders, the creation of the Star Chamber and the Privy Counsil.
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Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of the King of Spain. -
Henry VIII was Protestant king especially known for his opposition to the political power of the Catholic Church in England which led to the break of England with Rome. He restructured the Church of England with the "Ten Articles" for instance.
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Martin Luther was a German monk and major Protestant Reformer who challenged the Church authority with his "Ninety-Five Theses". He wrote against indulgences for instance. -
Even agaisnt the Church and the Pope will Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon. Mostly because he thought she was not able to give him a male heir. -
Elizabeth I will be born from this marriage. -
Anything that happens can not be settled any else where that in England. People could not appeal to the Pope to overturn Henry VIII's rulings on the Church.
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Henry VIII is at the head of the Church and against the Pope authority. England is not Catholic anymore.
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As England is not Catholic anymore the Act is aiming to make punishable by death the idea of challenging the authority or the supremacy of the Church.
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Wales joins England.
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Movement of rebellion against changes in religion led in part by Robert Aske. The demands of the rebels were formulated on the Pontefract Argument, they ask for the Parliamient to be moved in the North and go back to Catholic ways of worship for instance. -
This happened because of suspicions of corruption in the monasteries and also of money and political power problems.
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She was a Catholic Queen and lived for an important part of her life in France. Because of these two factors people did not really liked her. She was forced to abdicate in 1567 because the population wanted her son to rule.
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He also is a Protestant king which reign was marked by the "Book of Common Prayer" (1549) and the "Forty-two Articles".
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Mary I was Catholic and led the Counter Reformation. She restored the Papal authority and a Catholic way of worship.
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The marriage calmed the tensions between Spain and England (Spain was the ennemy since the break with Rome) -
Elizabeth I was a Protestant. Her reign was mainly marked by three main aspects: re-establishing the Reformation, elaborating Anglicanism, the political stability and the development of English power. She spread Protestanism through the British Isles.
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The war is marked by the Loss of Calais in 1558.
The french troops invade Scotland but were defeated which led to a stable Protestant Church in Scotland. -
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Francis II was a dauphin of France. By marrying him Mary became Queen of France.
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These are ways to negociate the security of Elizabeth's power.
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After the death of Mary Queen of Scots' mother and husband she became Queen of France and Scotland.
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Elizabeth I is excommunicated by Pope Pius V for being a heretic. -
She is executed because she was found guilty of ploting against Elizabeth I.
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Spain tries to invade England with the "Invincible Armada", but is defeated. It led to greater opposition between England and Spain.
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He is the first Stuart and the first king to rule over two kingdoms. He is the theorist of absolute monarchy and wrote two texts about it: "The True Law of Free Monarchies" (1597) and "Basilikon Doron" (1599). He is also well known for the "King James Bible" (1611) that people still use today.
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The plot was organized by a group of Catholics that wanted to re-established Catholicism. They blew up the Parliament with gunpowder but the plot failed and led to serious consequences. -
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He was officially Protestant but married a Catholic Queen and was close to Catholicism. He also believed in absolute monarchy.
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The petition is about reasserting the Parliament position.
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This period is also called the "Eleven Years of Tyranny", the king is in troube as he is broke but needs to fight.
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The War is opposing the Scottish forces and the King’s army.
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After the Scottish nobels signed "The Covenant" in 1638 they decided to challenge the power of the King. Charles I was forced to summon the Parliament as he had no money to raise an army to fight.
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Rebellion of the Old English elite and the Irish Gaelic against Protestanism.
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The Civil War is the result of religious and political tensions.
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The Commonwealth is a republican structure instored after the abolition of monarchy.
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Charles I, on trial, refused to plead and settle with the Parliament. He was then executed, it is the Regecide. -
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Oliver Cromwell was a Purtian. He became an MP of the Commonwealth and a succesful commander in the New Model Army.
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Cromwell was offered kingship refused it. However the title of “Lord Protector” became hereditary.
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He is the son and heir of Oliver Crowell. He resigned the following year as he was not able to deal with the problems the Commonwealth had to face.
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The Declaration was released by Charles II and is an attempt to resolve the problems he was facing. -
The monarchy was re-instored when Charles II was invited to take the crown and accepted it. He had to deal with different problems during his reign: the change of the political circumstances, the new powerful men of the Commonwealth and religious tensions.
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This Act came from the Parliament and aim for limited rights for the people that were not members of the Anglican Church.
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This marriage was frowned upon as the princess was a Catholic. -
Treaty between England and France against the Dutch Republic.
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Declaration from the king who tried to force the toleration on the Parliament.
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This Act is from the Parliament and is the contrary of the Declaration of Indulgence. It made the king back down.
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This Act is from the Parliament and is the contrary of the Declaration of Indulgence. It made the king back down.
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A fictious plot revealed by Titus Oates that was about assassinating Charles II to place James (converted to Catholicism) on the throne. -
Opposed two factions in the Parliament: the Whigs that were in favour of the exclusion of James II and the Tories who were opposed to the exclusion.
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James II was the last Stuart.
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The Glorious Revolution was marked by the escape of James II to France and the reign of William of Orange and Mary II. -
He was invited to do so by seven English noblemen (The Immortal Seven). He landed in Brixham with 20 000 soldiers.
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Concessions to Dissenters.
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This made James II unworthy of the throne and embodies what Parliament monarchy is.
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After William of Orange invaded England, James II escaped to France which left the English throne vacant. Williame seized it.
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William lands in Ireland with his army. He won the battle. -
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Act that aim to assure a Protestant succession. The Parliament claimed the right to decide who will reign.
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It concerned the Scottish Parliament.
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Marked the beginning of the United Kingdom. -
George I was made king as his mother (Sophia) died.
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