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Period: 1455 to 1485
War of the Roses
The War of the Roses was a series of civil wars in England opposing two houses, the House of York (the white rose) and the House of Lancaster (the red rose). The end of the War was marked by the Battle of Bosworth (1485) and the Tudor dynasty. -
Period: 1485 to 1509
Reign of Henry VII
He succeeded to Edward III and had a very popular reign marked by the practice of attainders, the creation of the Star Chamber and the Privy Counsil. -
1509
Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of the King of Spain. -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Reign of Henry VIII
Henry VIII was Protestant king especially known for his opposition to the political power of the Catholic Church in England which led to the break of England with Rome. He restructured the Church of England with the "Ten Articles" for instance. -
Apr 21, 1509
Death of Henry VII
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1517
Martin Luther wrote the "Ninety-Five Theses"
Martin Luther was a German monk and major Protestant Reformer who challenged the Church authority with his "Ninety-Five Theses". He wrote against indulgences for instance. -
1532
Henry VIII divorces Catherine of Aragon
Even agaisnt the Church and the Pope will Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon mostly because he thought she was not able to give him a male heir. -
1533
Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn
Elizabeth I will be born from this marriage. -
1533
Act in Restraint of Appeals
Anything that happens can’t be settled any else where that in England, people could not appeal to the Pope to overturn Henry VIII's rulings on the Church. -
1534
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII is at the head of the Church and against the Pope authority, England is not Catholic anymore. -
1534
Treasons Act
As England is not catholic anymore the Act is aiming to make punishable by death the idea of challenging the authority or the supremacy of the Church. -
1536
Pilgrimage of Grace
Movement of rebellion against changes in religion led in part by Robert Aske. The demands of the rebels were formulated on the Pontefract Argument, they ask for the Parliamient to be moved in the North and go back to catholic ways of worship for instance. -
1536
Act of Union
Wales joins England. -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Abolishment of the monasteries and seizing and sales of the lands
This happens because of suspicions of corruption in the monasteries and espacially because of money and political power problems. -
Period: 1542 to 1567
Reign of Mary Queen of Scots
She was a Catholic Queen and lived for an important part of her life in France. Because of these two factors people did not really liked her. She was forced to abdicate in 1567 because the population wanted her son to rule. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Reign of Edward VI
He also is a Protestant king which reign was marked by the "Book of Common Prayer" (1549) and the "Forty-two Articles". -
Jan 28, 1547
Death of Henry VIII
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Period: 1553 to 1558
Reign of Mary I
Mary I was Catholic and led the Counter Reformation, she restored the Papal authority and a Catholic way of worship. -
Jul 6, 1553
Death of Edward VI
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1554
Attempted coup against Mary Queen of Scots
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1556
Mary I married Philip II of Spain
The marriage calmed the tensions between Spain and England as Spain was the ennemy since the break with Rome. -
Period: 1558 to
Reign of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was a Protestant, her reign was mainly marked by three main aspects: re-establishing the Reformation, she elaborated Anglicanism, the political stability and the development of English power. Through the years she spread Protestanism through the British Isles. -
Period: 1558 to 1559
War between England and France
The war is marked by the Loss of Calais in 1558.
The french troops invade Scotland but were defeated which led to a stable Protestant Church in Scotland. -
Nov 17, 1558
Death of Mary I
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1559
Mary Queen of Scots marries Francis II
Francis II was a dauphin of France, by marrying him Mary became Queen of France. -
1559
Re-establishing the Reformation
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1559
Act of Supremacy
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Period: 1559 to 1581
Treason Acts
These are ways to negociate the security of Elizabeth power. -
1560
Death of Francis II and Mary of Guise
After the death of Mary Queen of Scots' mother and husband she becomes Queen of France and Scotland. -
Period: 1567 to
Reign of James VI in Scotland
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1570
Excommunication of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I is excommunicated by Pope Pius V for being a heretic. -
Period: to
England allies itself with the Netherlands and France
The alliance is formed against Spain during the Anglo-Spanish War. -
Mary Queen of Scots is executed
She is executed because she was found guilty of ploting against Elizabeth I. -
Attempted Spanish invasion in England
Spain tries to invade England with the "Invincible Armada", but is defeated. It led to greater opposition between England and Spain. -
Period: to
Reign of James I in England
He is the first Stuart and the first king to rule over two kingdoms. He is the theorist of absolute monarchy, he wrote two texts about it: "The True Law of Free Monarchies" (1597) and "Basilikon Doron" (1599). He is also well known for the "King James Bible" (1611) that people still use it today. -
Death of Elizabeth I
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End of the War with Spain
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Guy Fawkes & the Gunpowder Plot
The plot was organized by a group of Catholics that wanted to re-established the Catholicism, they blew up the Parliament with gunpowder but the plot failed and led to serious consequences. -
Period: to
James VI / I rules without Parliament
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Period: to
Reign of Charles I
He was officially Protestant but married a Catholic Queen and was close to Catholicism. He also believed in absolute monarchy. -
Petition of Right
The petition is about reasserting the Parliament position. -
Period: to
Charles I rules without Parliament
This period is also called the "Eleven Years of Tyranny", the King is in troube as he is broke and needs to fight. -
Period: to
Bishops’ War
The War is opposing the Scottish forces and the King’s army. -
The covenanters challenge the King's power
After the Scottish nobels signed "The Covenant" in 1638 they decided to challenge the power of the King, Charles I is forced to summon the Parliament as he has no money to raise an army to fight. -
Period: to
Long Parliament
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Period: to
Short Parliament
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Massacres of English Protestant
Rebellion of the Old English elite and the Irish Gaelic against Protestanism. -
Period: to
Breakdown of relations between Charles and the Parliament
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Period: to
English Civil War(s)
The Civil War is the result of religious and political tensions. -
Grand Remonstrance
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Charles raises his standard at Nottingham
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Period: to
Second Civil War
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Period: to
The Commonwealth
The Commonwealth is a republican structure instored after the abolition of monarchy marked by the regecide of Charles I. -
Execution of Charles I
Charles I on trial refused to plead and settle with the Parliament so he was executed, that is the Regecide. -
Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Parliament
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Period: to
Oliver Cromwell is Lord Protector
Oliver Cromwell was a Purtian. He became an MP of the Commonwealth and a succesful commander in the New Model Army. -
The Lord Protector title becomes hereditary
Cromwell was offered kingship by a Presbytarian petition but he refused. However the title of “Lord Protector” became hereditary. -
Death of Oliver Cromwell
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Period: to
Richard Cromwell is Lord Protector
He is the son and heir of Oliver Crowell. He resigned the following year as he was not able to deal with the problems the Commonwealth had to face. -
Declaration of Breda
The Declaration was released by Charles II and is an attempt to address the problems he was facing. -
Period: to
Reign of Charles II
The monarchy was re-instored as Charles II was invited to take the crown. He had to deal with different problems during his reign: the change of the political circumstances, the new powerful men of the Commonwealth and religious tensions. -
Corporation Act
This Act came from the Parliament and aim for limited rights for the people that were not members of the Anglican Church. -
Charles II married Princess Catherine of Braganza
This marriage was frowned upon as the princess was a Catholic. -
Treaty of Dova
Treaty between England and France against the Dutch Republic. -
Declaration of Indulgence
Declaration from the king who tried to force the toleration on the Parliament. -
Test Act
This Act is from the Parliament and is the contrary of the Declaration of Indulgence. It made the king back down. -
William of Orange married Mary II
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Test Act
This Act is from the Parliament and is the contrary of the Declaration of Indulgence. It made the king back down. -
Popish Plot
A fictious plot revealed by Titus Oates that was about assassinating Charles II to place James (converted to Catholicism) on the throne. -
Period: to
Exclusion Crisis
Opposed two factions in the Parliament: the Whigs that were in favour of the exclusion of James II and the Tories who were opposed to the exclusion. -
Period: to
Charles II rules without Parliament
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Death of Charles II
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Period: to
Reign of James II
James II was the last Stuart. -
Decalaration of Indulgences
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Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was marked by the escape of James II to France and the reign of William of Orange and Mary II. -
William of Orange invades England
He was invited to do so by seven English noblemen (The Immortal Seven). He landed in Brixham with 20 000 soldiers. -
Toleration Act
Concessions to Dissenters. -
Bill of Rights
This made James II unworthy of the throne and embodies what Parliament monarchy is. -
Period: to
Reign of William of Orange in England
After William of Orange invaded England, James II escaped to France which left the English throne vacant. Williame seized it. -
Battle of the Boyne
William lands in Ireland with his army. He won the battle. -
Treaty of Limerick
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Act of Settlement
Act that aim to assure a Protestant succession of the throne and the Parliament claims the right to decide who will reign. -
Act of Security
It concerned the Scottish Parliament. -
Act of Union with Scotland
It marked the beginning of the United Kingdom. -
Period: to
Reign of George I in England
George I was made king as his mother (Sophia) died.