-
Brezhnev's aims
-twin track approach
-policy of détente and peaceful co-existence
-occasions where he seemed keen to confront USA
-gave assistance to friendly regimes
-peaceful co-existence didn't mean a weakening of the ideological struggle
-after Khru removed, gov had split power-too powerful
-initally collective leadership, but by stealth B consolidated power base -
How events in Europe influenced Brezhnev to follow détente
-Fr withdrawal from NATO=division, Fr rebelling against USA power
-Br losing position of power-more mediator + adviser
-USA involved w/ Vietnam from mid 1960s-fighting unwinnable war w/ inhumane tactics
-USSR hope to be moral leader
-Sino Soviet relations rocky -
Factors in foreign policy
-relative nuclear parity allowed B to negotiate
-Soviet economy huge factor for détente-1/6 the size of USA economy
-too much money spent on armaments
-reduce military spending to boost economic growth + improve living standards
-low yield + harvest failures meant B wanted cheap grain from West
-wanted access to superior Western technology -
Aims for USA, Fr + W Ger
-wanted détente to stabilise EU + restrain USSR
-heavily involved in Vietnam War
-Fr=undermining influence of both superpowers in EU so individual EU states could regain freedom
-W Ger=essential precondition for remaining in contact w/ + helping fellow citizens in GDR
-Br happy to not be involved -
Ospolitik definition
-policy towards East
-change through rapprochement
-change in E EU by establishing closer relations
-W Ger to E Ger
-improved trading relations w/ West
-greater access to West technology -
Attempts to improve relations w/ West
-Brezhnev very willing to come to terms with Western Europe-less erratic and more of a conciliator and consensus seeker
-relative nuclear parity enabled B to negotiate from position of strength which Khru hadn't enjoyed
-Soviet economy huge factor in desire for détente
-economy 1/6 size of USA-too much money spent on armaments
-if Sov leaders were to boost eco growth + improve living standards-reduce military spending
-low yield + harvest failures-wanted cheap grain from West
-access to W tech -
Period: to
Improving situation between USA + USSR
-B aim of nuclear parity-main causes of instability removed when achieved
-no further nuclear crises
-1963 Test Ban Treaty
-1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty by USA, USSR + Br=banning transfer of nuclear weapons to other countries-W Ger joined 1 year later
-weakening of relations between USA + other nations of EU-Vietnam, losing moral leader of W position-global confrontation of Comm rejected by EU allies
-B less eratic + more conciliator + consensus seeker-negotiate with him -
Effects of foreign policy on Brezhnev
-same difficulties as Khru with weakening of Soviet control of nations of E EU
-Cuba, poor relations w/ Mao + Détente combined to weaken Sov control + provided opportunites for satellite states to pursue own policies-Poland's moves to expand trade links w/ West + moves from Romania to improve relations w/ W Ger
-Bucharest Declaration-increase control + placate wishes of E bloc to contact w/ West -
Bucharest Declaration
-West recognises post-war frontiers
-creates new EU security system
-everyone must veto nuclear weapons for W Ger
-introduced program of economic, scientific + technological co-operation w/ E + W
-in an attempt to placate wishes of some of East Bloc wishing for further contact w/ West
-strengthen Soviet control over Warsaw Pact countries -
France's attack on American influence
-disagreements over Vietnam + assertiveness of W EU could've destroyed NATO + led to US withdrawal from W EU
-De Gaulle vetoed Br's application to join European Economic Community 1963-Br too pro-USA
-1966 Fr withdrew from NATO + expelled headquarters from Paris
-visit to USSR-EU states should liberate themselves from bloc mentality
-did all he could to weaken the dollar
-way to project power -
Western reactions to détente
-1967 Dec Hamel Report-committed NATO to defending W EU + reaching détente w/ Warsaw Pact states
-prevented political fallout from Vietnam War destroying West alliance
-improved relations USA + USSR important-Johnson's refusal to stand for office(unpop of war) Nixon determined to end conflict in Viet-improved relations=decreased Sov backing for N Viet
-US economy stagnate, inflation rise, 1971 first USA trade deficit since 1945-reduce spend on defence vital, relations promote eco growth w/ trade -
Non-Proliferation Treaty
-Br, USA, USSR, pledged to not transfer nuclear weapons to other countries or to assist other states to manufacture them
-FRG joined a year later -
Prague Spring
-mid 1960s growing discontent at repressive regime of Novotny-replaced by Dubcek-attempted to create socialist system based on consent of people rather than forced like USSR
-not replacing communism but making it more acceptable-"socialism w/ a human face"
-April 1968 programme of easing political control + modernisation of economy=Prague Spring
-June abolished censorship-anti-sov propaganda
-B warned of "common concern" from USSR + Warsaw Pact
-D reluctantly restored censorship-troops withdrew -
Prague Spring pt 2
-Cz leadership planned to leave Warsaw Pact
-20th Aug brought to end when 20 divisions of Warsaw Pact troops (Hungary, Poland, GDR + Bulgaria) invaded Cz
-B defended this by saying "any threat to Socialism in a Warsaw Pact country is a threat to its allies
-invasion widely condemned by West + within Communist world-criticism from Romania, Yugoslavia + China -
Reactions of W govs to Cz
-ended improvement in E-W relations
-soviet tanks in Prague slowed down but did not halt progress
-Fr PM said Cz was traffics accident on road to détente
-W govs invested too much into détente to let it fail
-protests over Sov actions but empty words
-Johnson cancelled summit meeting w/ B but normal relations restored -
The Brezhnev Doctrine
-5th Congress of Polish United Workers' Party-justified invasion of Cz-"detrimental to other socialist states + would cause conflict with vital interests
-USSR protect communism from outside influences + secure centralised power of Moscow over satellites-until 1989
-B questioned any idea of independence + USSR would not tolerate any deviation-satellite states only limited sovereignty + USSR had right to intervene
-stark reminder of what might befall Comm bloc countries tempted to leave -
Development of Ostpolitik
-Brandt Chancellor of W Ger
-abandoned Hallstein Doctrine of 1955
-Brandt wanted to improve lives of E Gers + build trust-eventual reunification
-Moscow Treaty 1970, FRG + USSR, EU's post-war borders confirm + not precluding reunification
-Warsaw Treaty 1970 Pol + FRG, accepted Oder-Niesse line
-Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin 1971 by 4 war allies, guaranteed civilian access to W Berlin but no form of W Ger
-Basic Treaty GFR + FRG 1972, both states respect borders + develop good relations -
SALT I
-Nixon + B
-5yr freeze on construction of missile launchers + ballistic missiles
-mutually assured destruction=peace
-only 2 anti-ballistic scenes for each country,
-Nixon accepted USSR should have more missiles, USA had MIRVs 1 for capital and 1 for main missile sites
-decrease in defence budget for USA, Nix happy, advantage w/ MIRVs + more technologically advanced
-likely that USA would develop effective ABMs ahead of USSR -
Moscow Summit + Basic Principles Agreement
-12 basic principles to govern superpower relations
-accept peaceful co-existence
-seek disarmament
-increase trade
-détente
-showed 2 leaders committed to working together + first time making a framework to governing relations -
Helsinki Accord
-main W focus on Berlin + troop reductions, longer term objective of basket 3, committed all signatories to respecting human rights
-Reagan + Thatcher slammed as "New Yalta"-"USA seal of approval on Sov empire E EU" -
Helsinki Agreement
-recognised Soviet control over E Europe
-trade agreement
-Russia promised to respect human rights -
Degree of Success for W govs
-Nix="Détente not same as lasting peace"
-criticism that USA rolled over
-USA allies in EU vulnerable w/ deployment of Sov SS20 med range missiles in E EU 1976
-W Gers concerned USA drive for arms reduction left them vulnerable to attack
-deploy of med range USA missiles in W EU 1983 led to anti USA protests in EU
-Congress criticism from pro-Israeli Jackson-slow in arms would allow USSR advantage
-Nix main hope for détente=
-tensions persisted
-Carter attacked Sov fail of HR
-détente dead w/ Af -
SALT 2
-permanent limitations on nuclear weapons
-number of missile launchers + MIRVs, rockets warheads futher limited
-never ratified due to invasion of Afghanistan by USSR -
Invasion of Afghanistan-Aims + Motives
-worried abt existence of new regime from islamic forces
-feared Hafizullah Amin-pro-USA
-worried abt impact opposition would have on Islamic fundamentalism-spread to other Muslims in USSR
-feared link in global encirclement of USSR-USA + China friendly relations
-West viewed as highly threatening development-Carter furious,feared Sovs intended to control Af as step of further expansion to Indian Ocean + Persian Gulf-oil supply
-USA banned grain exp to USSR + didn't ratify SALT 2,boycott olympic -
Further response from W govs to Afghanistan
-USA sent military aid to Mujahedin, Islamic guerilla group fighting Soviet backed regime
-"long peace" end + world entered "2nd Cold War"
-Fr + W Ger still hoped for Ostpolitik-condemned actions but didn't join criticising Soviet invasion -
Western reactions to Afghanistan + role of Carter
-Carter's anger evident when he wrote to B 28 Dec-"draw back...jeopardise the course of US-Sov relations"
-US intervention in form of arming the Mujahedin, broadly successful
-Soviets tied up in unwinnable war for 1980s
-put Sov economy crumbling under even greater pressure -
Soviet actions toward Poland
-Poland main route to West
-provided 1/3 of combined forces in Warsaw P
-36m population-largest in satellite
-red bridge into EU
-any instability in Pol threatened whole block
-maj eco crisis-rise cost of oil + eco recession in W=no market for Pol exports
-strikes in shipyards due to price increases
-Gov made eco+pol concessions + recognised Solidarity as TU
-membership 8m + supp by RCC
-E Ger wanted troops + warned failure to act=death of Poland
-Dec martial law 1981, 1982 Solidarity outlawed -
Poland Crisis
-B urged to crush "anti-socialists"
-E Ger wanted troops, warned B - "failure to act=death of socialist Poland"
-Dec Martial law 1981
-Oct 1982 Solidarity outlawed
-Kania reassured B that would restore order
-intervention=world war, Reagan hardline -
Period: to
Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative pt1
-Reagan uncompromising anti-comm, "evil empire", "roll-back Comm"
-Reagan Doctrine-assistance where Sov infiltration
-1987 USA provided $697m aid to Mujahedin
-military aid to right-wing Contras in Nicaragua to remove left-wing govs
-USA troops sent to Grenada 1983 to deal w/ Comm groups
-R-largest peacetime military build-up in USA history-1985 30% of USA federal reserve spent on military-Stealth bomber + Trident missile
-1989, US military budget 43% higher than peak of Vietnam War -
Period: to
Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative pt2
-1984 Reagan launched SDI-space based system of lasers to intercept + destroy Sov missiles-protect USA from retaliatory strike, undermining MAD
-Reagan's rearmament + boom in US economy-demoralising effect on USSR-persuaded them to out-arm + out-perform West-limitations-hopeless
-without USA's dynamism in 1980s, highly unlikely Sov would have set out on road of reform-no alternative
-USA deployed Intermediate Range Missiles in W EU to counter USSR's SS20s-much criticism-300,000 in protest in W G -
Period: to
Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative pt3
-Pres close relationship w/ Thatcher saw deployment of missiles in Br
-economic pressure on USSR increased-Pres restricted trade to safeguard USA's competitive advantage
-1981 Sov access restricted to West tech designed to find new oil + gas reserves
-1982 restricted Sov access to USA gas + oil
-Reagan took hardline on last year of Carter admin much further-continually attacking moral corruption of Comm regimes + refusal to abide by Basket 3 of Helsinki -
Change in Soviet thinking with Poland
-tanks would roll across Polish border
-Warsaw forces immbolised ear;y dec
-invasion seemed imminent but intervention cancelled
-Kania Polish Pres reassured B that Polish Communist regime could restore order
-Reagan's hard line, B concerned that Sov military intervention could provoke world war -
Decline of USSR + fall of Brezhnev
-stagnation-little change and new ideas not welcome
-declining Sov economy, growth fell from 6% in 1960s to 2% in 1970s
-USSR produce quality poor
-unable to produce sophisticated consumer goods or high-tech
-1970s, for the first time since 1945,economy failing to produce sufficient quantities of raw materials -
Andropov's regime
-no moderate, maintained strong grip of E EU countries
-primarly concerned w/ improving domestic economy
-re-establishing détente
-Sep 1983 Sov air force shot down civilian airliner from S Korea
-terrified Reagan was planning nuclear war, and announced end of all space based weapons programmes
-died Feb 1984 -
Response of W EU govs to Second Cold War
-Br-Thatcher, foreign policy based on ideological considerations-Iron Lady- strongly supported Reagan
-Fr, more relaxed response to Afg + leader met w/ B in May 1980
-W Ger-Chancellor Schmidt, concerned by Reagan's uncompromising policy-disagreements by W govs on response to martial law in Poland, Schmidt unwilling to agree to Reagan's demands on economic sanctions against USSR-impact W Ger's improved relations + eco links
-locating Cruise + Pershing II missiles in W Ger controversial -
Chernenko's regime
-little to improve relations w/ West
-boycott of LA Olympics in 1984 in response to 1980 boycott of Moscow
-arms control talks commenced 1985
-short tenures changed little
-Andropov recognised need for change
-attempts at arms reduction talks but poisonous atmosphere of 2nd Cold War