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Period: 469 BCE to 399 BCE
Socrates🤍
Socrates His contribution to exchanges typically consisted of a series of probing questions using a pedagogical technique has been called the “Socratic method.”: (1) human wisdom begins with the recognition of one’s own ignorance; (2) the unexamined life is not worth living; (3) ethical virtue is the only thing that matters; and (4) a good person can never be harmed, because whatever misfortune he may suffer, his virtue will remain intact. -
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Thomas Jefferson🤍
Thomas Jefferson believed only educated citizens could make the American experiment in self-government succeed. He proposed a system of broad, free, public education that was radical in his day and his founding of the University of Virginia partially achieved his larger goals. -
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Industrial Revolution📚
The first industrial revolution was the transition from hand production to machines that used steam and waterpower. Industry 1.0 helped build a strong middle class in America and in Europe. Industry 2.0 was the technological revolution that brought with it assembly lines and machines that used electricity. Communications tools like the telegraph played a large role in promoting the globalization of ideas and economies. -
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Horace Mann🤍
American educator, the first great American advocate of public education who believed that, in a democratic society, education should be free and universal, nonsectarian, democratic in method, and reliant on well-trained professional teachers. Horace is often called the Father of the Common School due to his efforts in the Common School Movement -
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Ellen H. Richards🩷
Ellen H. Swallow Richards is best known for pioneering the field of sanitary engineering. From 1873 to 1878, Richards taught chemistry without a salary or title. Recognizing the need for practical facilities for women to conduct research, she helped establish the Women’s Laboratory at MIT -
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John Sweet🤍
American educator known as the father of the California public school system.he was elected California superintendent of public instruction. He served in that post until 1867, during which time he organized teachers’ institutes, established a teacher-certification system, won legislative support for school taxes, wrote a revised school law, and provided for uniform textbooks throughout the California public school system -
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Booker T. Washington🤍
Washington was an educator and reformer. Washington is known for establishing the Tuskegee Institute for the education of African American, where they followed Washington’s principles of providing practical training for African Americans through manual trades and agricultural skills. In the 1920s the school shifted from vocational education to academic higher education. -
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John Dewey🤍
American philosopher and educator who was a cofounder of the philosophical movement known as pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, an innovative theorist of democracy, and a leader of the progressive movement in education in the United States. -
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Alice P. Norton🩷
Alice P Norton was a graduate of Smith College and made significant contributions to CTE. She worked provide home economics education to the community throughout New England through organization of the Sanitary Science Club. She was the editor of the journal of Home Economics -
Morrill Act🌎
The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 set aside federal lands to create colleges to “benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts.made it possible for states to establish public colleges funded by the development or sale of associated federal land grants -
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Martha Van Rensselaer 🩷
Martha Van Rensselaer was a founding co-director of the College of Home Economics which was later established as the New York State College of Human Ecology. She served as an educator and proponent of the application of knowledge to improved quality of life in the home -
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Rufus Stimson🤍
Stimson was a major influence on the field of agricultural education.n 1911, Stimson became state supervisor of agricultural education for Massachusetts. He served in this position until he reached the mandatory retirement age of 70 and duly retired in 1938. The following year, the U.S. Office of Education hired him to write a history of agricultural education. -
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David Snedden🤍
Snedden was a pioneer in the field of educational sociology and the social efficiency movement, which promoted vocational education. The first Commissioner of education in Massachusetts -
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W.E.B. DuBois🤍
DuBois helped form the NAACP which helped end segregation in schools. DuBois strove for economic equality through education. He advocated for the higher education of Black men and women who would use their passion, expertise, and knowledge to uplift Black communities -
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Technological Revoultion📚
The integration of technology into CTE has led to the development of modern curricula that reflect current industry standards, incorporating advanced tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), robotics, and simulation software. This prepares students for the demands of the modern workforce. The rise of online education has also made CTE more accessible, allowing students to take courses remotely and enabling flexible schedules that accommodate work and study. -
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Charles A. Presser 🤍
Charles Presser was an American Educator. He was the architect of the 1917 Smith-Hughes Act.His mission in life was to help improve the education of American children. Prosser believed that schools should help students "to get a job, to hold it, and to advance to a better one." -
Hatch Act🌎
The Hatch Act gave state land-grants to colleges for agriculture experiments focusing on rural and farm populations, especially in the areas of soil and plant growth. -
Second Morrill Act🌎
The Second Morrill Act of 1890 was aimed at the former Confederate states and sought to rectify this discrimination. It required states to establish separate land-grant institutions for Black students or demonstrate that admission was not restricted by race.This included the stipulation that African Americans were to be included in the United States Land-Grant University Higher Education System without discrimination. -
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Major Dennis Mobley🤍
Major Dennis Mobley is most popular for his philosophy of Career & Technical Education. His philosophy states that vocational education must be a part of the total education program, must be available to all people must remain professional, and must include youth groups as a part of the total vocational education program. -
Smith-Lever Act🌎
United States federal law that established a system of cooperative extension services, connected to land-grant universities, intended to inform citizens about current developments in agriculture, home economics, public policy/government, leadership, 4-H, economic development, coastal issues (National Sea Grant College Program), and related subjects. The Act helped farmers learn new agricultural techniques by the introduction of home instruction. -
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World War I📚
The first mass acceptance of career and technical education came after World War I and the movement spread in the years that followed. Career and technical education expanded to include adult education and retraining citizens to re-enter the workforce. -
Smith-Hughes Act🌎
provided federal aid to the states for the purpose of promoting precollegiate vocational education in agricultural and industrial trades and in home economics -
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Women’s suffrage📚
As women fought for the right to vote, they also sought greater access to education, leading to an expansion of educational opportunities, particularly in vocational and technical training. Many institutions established programs for women, in fields like nursing, teaching, and business. This movement also contributed to changing gender roles; societal attitudes shifted, and CTE programs became more inclusive, encouraging women to enter traditionally male-dominated fields. -
American Vocational Association Develope📚
The American Vocational Association was an association that represented, organized, and began funding for vocational education programs. The association later became the Association of Career & Technical Education (1934) -
George Reed Act🌎
the George-Reed Act, authorizing an increase of $1 million annually from 1930 to 1934 to expand vocational education in agriculture and home economics -
American Vocational Association becomes Association of Career and Technical Education📚
The American Vocational Association became the Association of Career and Technical Education in 1934. This association represented thousand of CTE students and professionals. The association worked to provide and organize CTE programs, education, jobs, and provided funding in some CTE areas. What was once known as Vocational Education was now commonly referred to as Career and Technical Education. -
George-Dean Act🌎
The George-Dean Act granted $12 million for agriculture, home economics, and industrial education, a portion of which went directly to vocational and occupational guidance. It was the first act that provided for supervisor travel, making vocational education more flexible. -
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World War II📚
World War II caused a surge in career and technical education as technical skills were needed for defense purposes. -
George-Barden Act🌎
the George-Barden Act provided further and more flexible funding for the same programs. Further funding could also be used for state director and vocational counselor salaries and expenses, training and work experience programs, and for out of school youth programs. -
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Civil Rights Movement📚
The civil rights laws represent a national commitment to end discrimination in education. The laws mandate bringing the formerly excluded into the mainstream of American education. And these laws also are designed to help deliver the promise that every individual has the right to develop his or her talents to the fullest. Civil rights laws have helped bring about profound changes in American education and improved the educational opportunities of millions of students. -
Sputnik📚
Sputnik was a satellite sent to space which successfully gave the United States more information about space, science, and engineering. The new information provided by Sputnik broadened our knowledge in each of these areas which could then be further taught in career and technical education for scientists and engineers. -
National Defense Education Act🌎
established the legitimacy of federal funding of higher education and made substantial funds available for low-cost student loans, boosting public and private colleges and universities.attempts to boost science, math, foreign language, and data processing studies and instruction. The act also assisted guidance counseling, testing services, and pathways to higher education while using media for educational purposes. -
Manpower Development and Training Act🌎
The Manpower Development & Training Act was the first major federal job training program. Focused on providing training for improved skills for those who are unemployed or underemployed -
Vocational Education Act and Amendments🌎
Major provisions of the measure, the Vocational Education Amendments of 1968, authorized funds to aid states and localities in establishing vocational education programs in local high schools. Increased funding for CTE educational programs, required that plans be reviewed and revised, introduced work study programs, and allowed for agricultural funds to be applied to research and experimental programs. -
Educational Amendments (Title IX)🌎
Title IX provides: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance -
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act🌎
The program offered work to those with low incomes and the long term unemployed as well as summer jobs to low income high school students. Full-time jobs were provided for a period of 12 to 24 months in public agencies or private not for profit organizations. The intent was to impart a marketable skill that would allow participants to move to an unsubsidized job. It was an extension of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) program from the 1930s.[2] -
Job Training Partnership Act🌎
The law was enacted to establish federal assistance programs to prepare youth and unskilled adults for entry into the labor force and to provide job training to economically disadvantaged and other individuals facing serious barriers to employment.The act displaced those who had lost their jobs and offered training to senior workers and homeless people. It also provided education and employment experience to youth and became the largest nationally funded training initiative. -
A Nation at Risk Report📚
the report called for elected officials, educators, parents, and students to reform a public school system it described as “in urgent need of improvement.” That need for improvement was based on numerous statistics listed in the report that the commission said showed the inadequate quality of American education. It also called for teachers to be more monitored in their preparation, abilities, and that their pay should be evaluated based on their own education and efforts. -
Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act (Perkins 1)🌎
The Carl D. Perkins Act is intended to supplement the educational programs generally offered with state and local resources. To be in compliance with this requirement, a Local Education Agency (LEA) may not divert state and local funds from an activity merely because Perkins funds are available. Established to improve career-technical education programs, integrate academic and career-technical instruction, serve special populations, and meet gender equity needs. -
New Directions Report (Ag Ed)📚
National Research Council established the Agricultural Education in Secondary Schools Committee to examine the status and forecast the future of agricultural education. The Committee published its findings in a report, Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education. agricultural education at the secondary level and for program improvement. It focuses on the two major elements of agricultural education--agricultural literacy and vocational agriculture -
Perkins Act (Perkins 2)🌎
Perkins 2 reauthorized Perkins 1 by increasing funding by $600 million and creating a new federal definition of vocational education: "organized educational programs offering a sequence of courses which are directly related to the preparation of individuals in paid or unpaid employment in current or emerging occupations requiring other than a baccalaureate or advanced degree" Perkins 2 required vocational programs to have standards and be measured. -
The Secretary’s Commission of Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) Report 📚
To determine the skills that youths need to participate in the workplace and the skill levels that entry-level jobs require. SCANS determined that workplace skills consist of foundation skills and competencies. Foundation skills are in the three domains of basic skills, thinking skills, and personal qualities. Competencies fall into the domains of resources, interpersonal skills, information skills, systems skills, and technology utilization skills. -
School to work Opportunities Act🌎
was created to support state and local educational reform initiatives. Grant money to states coming from capital and seed money from the federal government. This was used as incentive to implement education preparing students to transition from school to work. -
Land-grant to Tribal Colleges🌎
Tribal College Equity grants fund formal learning at the 1994 Land-grants institutions. Faculty use the funding to develop and improve courses in agricultural sciences, enhance teaching skills, provide student stipends, and invest in new technology to reach more students in remote reservation communities. -
Education Amendment Act (Perkins 3)🌎
vision of vocational and technical education for the 21st century.The central goals of this new vision are improving student achievement and preparing students for postsecondary education, further learning, and careers
Perkins III promotes reform, innovation, and continuous improvement in vocational and technical education to ensure that students acquire the skills State academic standards and industry-recognized skill standards -
No Child Left Behind Act🌎
It reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students.[3] It mandated standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. To receive federal school funding, states had to create and give assessments to all students at select grade levels. -
Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act (Perkins) 🌎
The Carl D. Perkins Act is intended to supplement the educational programs generally offered with state and local resources. Local Education Agency (LEA) may not divert state and local funds from an activity merely because Perkins funds are available. These programs must meet a 90% target or require improvements to be made. The bill calls for "programs of study" which contain CTE content and lead to industry recognized credentials and certificates