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Period: 1095 to 1291
Crusades
it is a Holy war. It was a religious war between Christians and Muslims. Used to suppress Paganism and heresy. The first crusade was started by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus. People thought that fighting crusades were forgiving sins -
1300
Renaissance
Its the French word for "rebirth". Its a renewed interest in art. The Renaissance studies the Greeks and the Romans. The Renaissance started after the Black Death. -
Period: Nov 7, 1337 to 1453
Hundred Years War
A war fought between England and France. The war lasted 116 years. France prevailed over England. War started because the king of France died and the king of England thought he had the right to take over the kingdom. -
1347
Black Death
Mongolians threw dead bodies to the other side of the war field to infect enemies. Black Death was transported through trade. Some people thought the plague was brought on by God to punish them for their sins. There was no cure for the plague. The Black Plague was cured and The Renaissance started. -
May 30, 1431
Joan of Arc Burned at the Stake
Joan started hearing voices of Christian Saints when she was 16. Joan dressed in male clothing. Joan was charged of heresy. She refused to accept the church so she was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. Joan was burned for being a "relapsed heretic" when she put on male clothes after being told to wear female clothes. -
1440
Johannes Gutenberg printing press
Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. He used movable metal letters to print. This makes printed materials affordable to most. The printing press made more books. The bible was the first published book of the printing press. -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire came to an end when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans. The fall of Constantinople is widely quoted as the event that marked the end of the European middle-ages. Before the fall, the Byzantine Empire had long been in decline. Murad II attempted to conquer the empire but failed. Then his young successor, Mehmed II, conquered the empire. -
Nov 1, 1478
Start of the Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition was unexpected. It started around 1478. It was started by Ferdinand II and Isabella I. The Spanish Inquisition was intended to enforce Catholicism in Spain. This is where the phrase "convert or die" came from. -
Period: 1492 to
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange is the trade of animals, crops, and diseases from the old world to the new world. Horses, dogs, sheep, cattle, and pigs are some animals that were brought to the new world from the old world. Smallpox was one of the most deadly diseases that was brought to the new world. Coffee and potatoes are one of the more important crops that the old world brought to the new world. The columbian exchange brought the African Slave trade alongside many other things. -
Aug 1, 1498
Christopher Columbus lands in the New World
Christopher Columbus is the one who claimed to have discovered the new world. He got there in the late 1400s. Columbus was hired by the Spanish to sail to the new world. But he was actually from Italy. -
1507
Mona Lisa Completed
Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. He finished it in 1507 and kept it to himself for a while after because it was his favorite painting.It was sold to the King of France for 4,000 crowns. Many people who studied the Mona Lisa thought that the pathway in the background was "the path of virtue," a reference to "Hercules Choice." After the Mona Lisa, the smile became a trademark in Leonardo's paintings. -
1508
Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel
When Pope Julius II ordered Michelangelo to paint the Chapel, Michelangelo was only a sculptor. He had no skill with a brush. The sculptor learned techniques and decided to paint about the pre-history of salvation including 300 figures. When about a third of the ceiling had been painted, a mold started to grow on the paint. Michelangelo wanted to quit the painting job but the Pope had it removed and told Michelangelo to continue painting. -
Period: Apr 21, 1509 to Jan 28, 1547
King Henry VIII Reign
King Henry VIII was well known for having 6 wives. The king died in 1547 because he was obese. Henry wrote a song about the courtly life and it became really popular throughout England. Henry VIII was the first English king to ever be called "your majesty." Henry's tomb was the tomb of Jane Seymour, because she was his favorite wife. -
1513
"The Prince"
Nicolló Machiavelli wrote this book in 1513. Machiavelli wrote this book on how to acquire and maintain political power. The Prince book contains 26 chapters. This book contains major quotes such as "the ends justify the means" and "it is better to be feared than loved, if you can't be both." Machiavelli wrote this book to please the Medici family. -
1517
Martin Luther posts 95 Theses
Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses to attack the church for selling indulgences. Indulgences are paid documents that absolve you of sin. Martin Luther thought humans may reach salvation by their faith and not by their deeds. The 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic church was ever divided after Martin posted the 95 Theses. -
Period: 1517 to 1563
Counter Reformation
The counter reformation was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the protestant reformations. Beginning with the Council of Trent. Ending at the close of the thirty years war. The counter reformation is also called the catholic reformation or the catholic revival. The Jesuits came from the counter reformation. -
Aug 13, 1521
Cortez conquers the Aztecs
Hernan Cortez conquers the Aztecs around 1521. Cortez was a conquistador. A conquistador is a Spanish officer. when cortez landed in Mexico, he landed on the Yucatán peninsula. It took 3 months until they were able to take down the aztec capital. -
Period: 1533 to
Ivan the Terrible's Reign
Ivan the Terrible was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547. Then he was Czar of all the Russias until 1584. Ivan died in 1584. Ivan was the founder of Moscow Print Yard. Moscow Print Yard was Russias first publishing house. -
Period: Sep 7, 1533 to
Queen Elizabeth's Reign
Queen Elizabeth ruled England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603. She is sometimes called The Virgin Queen. Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor. Elizabeths reign is known as the Elizabeth Era. The period is famous for English drama like playwrights written by Shakespeare. -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was Initiated in 1555. It was when the Holy Roman Emperor allowed each prince to choose what religion he wanted to prevail his land. Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism. The Peace of Augsburg arose from the Reformation. -
Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada was a huge fleet of ships. It was defeated every time it sailed. There was a counter armada that failed as well. Over all this fleet just failed to be every time it tried. It was brought together in 1588. -
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was written in 1598. The Edict allowed huguenots to live within another religion. It was overthrown a while later by Louis XIV. Louis crushed all remaining huguenots and finished them off for good. huguenots were French Protestants. -
Period: to
Era of The Samurai
The samurai were warriors of Japan. They studied Zen Buddhism. They had swords called Katanas that were believed to be their souls. The samurai were also very good archers. If a samurai were defeated or disregarded, they would commit suicide. This practice was called Seppuku. -
William Shakespeare's Death
Shakespeare died in New House. New House was the largest house in Stratford-Upon-Avon he bought as a family home in 1597. Stratford-Upon-Avon was a city in the United Kingdom. Nobody knows exactly when or how Shakespeare died. One theory is that he died form sickness. -
Petition of Rights
The petition of rights was a statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I. The Petition of Rights was initiated by Sir Edward Coke. The petition asserted four principles. No taxes without Parliament, no imprisonment without proof, no quartering of soldiers, and martial law may not be used in a time of peace. -
King Charles the First Executed
King Charles dissolved Parliament many times. This started war between Charles and Parliament. Parliament was led by Oliver Cromwell. King Charles gave up on the war and was defeated. Parliament then executed Charles. -
Period: to
Slave Trade
Slave trade happened around 1650 to 1808. The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade and its middle passage. The majority of slaves were Africans from central and western Africa. The Portuguese were the first to engage in slave trade. In 1526, they completed the voyage to Brazil. -
Lord George Macartney Expelled
Lord Macartney was expelled from China after refusing to Kowtow to the emperor. To kowtow is to kneel, bow, and kiss the ground nine times before the emperor. Lord Macartney was trying to get a trade going through China. But when he refused to kowtow, he lost all hope of trade through China. After he was expelled, Qianlong sent a letter to King George III explaining why they expelled him. -
Period: to
Opium Wars
The opium wars were two wars in the mid 19th century involving the european drug, opium. Europeans smuggled opium into China and were making a lot of money off of China. China finally decided, enough is enough, and started the first opium war. The second war, also known as the Arrow War, was fought by China against Britain AND France. The Chinese lost the second war and ultimately began the era of "unequal treaties."