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1887 BCE
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito It causes the disease most dangerous form called falciparum malaria.“MMV Malaria Box Phenotyped against Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.” Phys.org - News and Articles on Science and Technology, Phys.org, phys.org/news/2018-01-mmv-malaria-phenotyped-plasmodium-toxoplasma.html. -
384 BCE
Aristotle describes life with the Scala Naturae
In 384 B.c . Aristotle classified affinities among organisms by arranging them into an unchanging ladder.Campbell's biology book says scala naturae claimed each organism was perfect and permanent (1) .Campbell’s biology brief explanation of scala naturae supports that Aristotle did this by explaining scala Naturae Reece, J. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2011). Biology(10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cummings.
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350 BCE
Aristotle describes life with the Scala Natural
In 384 B.c . Aristotle classified affinities among organisms by arranging them into an unchanging ladder.Campbell's biology book says scala naturae claimed each organism was perfect and permanent (1) .Campbell’s biology brief explanation of scala naturae supports that Aristotle did this by explaining scala Naturae Reece, J. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2011). Biology(10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cummings.
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160 BCE
Galen of Pergamum describes the human body 160 AD
Galen was a prominent Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman Empire. He was the first of the great anatomists (AD 130-200), first performing anatomy on Barbary apes.
"GALEN’S READING OF THE HIPPOCRATIC TREATISE THE NATURE OF MAN: THE FOUNDATIONS OF HIPPOCRATISM IN GALEN." In Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers, edited by Van Der Eijk Philip, Jouanna Jacques and Allies Neil, 313-34. ; BOSTON: Brill, 2012. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.20. -
160
Galen of Pergamum describes the human body
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen described the body as consisting of three connected systems the brain and nerves, which are responsible for sensation and thought; the heart and arteries, responsible for life-giving energy; and the liver and veins, responsible for nutrition and growth.Galen. “Galen of Pergamon.” Chordae Tendineae, clinanat.com/mtd/242-galen-of-pergamon. -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
He was a French naturalist who took great conceptual step and proposed a full-blown theory of evolution. He believed that life had begun through spontaneous generation. He was proposing that life took on its current form through natural processes, not through miraculous interventions. Works cited:ackard, A. (1900). LAMARCK'S VIEWS ON THE EVOLUTION OF MAN, ON MORALS, AND ON THE RELATION OF SCIENCE TO RELIGION. The Monist, 11(1), 30-49. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27899190 -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
He was a French naturalist who took great conceptual step and proposed a full-blown theory of evolution. He believed that life had begun through spontaneous generation. He was proposing that life took on its current form through natural processes, not through miraculous interventions. Works cited: Web; www.evolution.berkeley (understanding Evolution). -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagl
The voyage of the Beagle is the title most commonly given to the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his journal and remarks, bringing him considerable fame and respect. Work cited: Kehoe, S. (2012). The British Journal for the History of Science,45(2), 301-302. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275491 -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
The voyage of the Beagle is the title most commonly given to the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his journal and remarks, bringing him considerable fame and respect. Work cited: Kehoe, S. (2012). The British Journal for the History of Science,45(2), 301-302. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275491 -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
While Charles Darwin gets all the credit, Alfred Russel Wallace, another British naturalist, was a co-discoverer of the theory of evolution. By 1855 Wallace had come to the conclusion that living things evolve. The two men published a joint paper in 1858, arguing the theory of evolution and natural selection. Works cited; Web; www.npr.org/2013 (Morning Edition/Anthony Kuhn). -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
In the Origin of Species, British naturalist, Charles Darwin introduced the concept of natural selection, which is a natural process which acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous variations within living systems. He lived from 1809-1182.
Works cited: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for life. (1859, p. 109). -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
The discovered On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.
Darwin, C. (1906). The origin of species: By means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. doi:10.1037/13681-000 -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
the Origin of Species, British naturalist, Charles Darwin introduced the concept of natural selection, which is a natural process which acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous variations within living systems. He lived from 1809-1182.Wallaces Evolutionary Philosophy. (n.d.). An Elusive Victorian, 66-137. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226246154.003.0003 -
Louis Pasteur refute Spontaneous generation.
This French Chemist, while publishing “The Germ Theory of Disease,” proved that the idea of spontaneous generation was wrong because no decay happened is matter was placed in a sealed container. Chapter Five. Creating Life in Nineteenth-Century France Science, Politics, and Religion in the Pasteur- Pouchet Debate over Spontaneous Generation. (n.d.). The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. doi:10.1515/9781400864089.110 -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
In 1861, Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, published his germ theory, showing that there were microbes in the air and that they caused decay. This showed that the microbes causing decay were not produced from the matter itself but were in the air around it. Chapter Five. Generation. (n.d.). The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. doi:10.1515/9781400864089.110“Louis Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease.” Germ Theory, pp. 143–171., doi:10.1128/9781555817220.ch9. -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
His work later proved the idea of spontaneous generation was wrong because no decay happened if matter was placed in a sealed container. This showed that the microbes causing decay were not produced from the matter itself but were in the air around it Pouches Debate over Spontaneous Generation. (n.d.). The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. doi:10.1515/9781400864089.110“Louis Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease.” Germ Theory, pp. 143–171., doi:10.1128/9781555817220.ch9. -
Gregor Mendel published works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
The experiment took him eight years from (1856-1863) and he published his results in 1865. Explanation of Mendel's Work - UCSF Tetrad Program. www.bing.com/cr?IG=A3715FF49A774565B810C21E95006924&CID=0891CEB1B0D16B553FBAC559B17E6A0A&rd=1&h=7ldbbsOsHdmsfBpl7uYEgW52GQIQc5WJzdpq-Ssdpmc&v=1&r=https://tetrad.ucsf.edu/sites/tetrad.ucsf.edu/files/media/John A Moore Explanation of Mendel's work_0.pdf&p=DevEx.LB.1,5945.1. -
Gregor Mendel published works on inheritance of traits in pea plants 1865
he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent www.bing.com/cr?IG=A3715FF49A774565B810C21E95006924&CID=0891CEB1B0D16B553FBAC559B17E6A0A&rd=1&h=7ldbbsOsHdmsfBpl7uYEgW52GQIQc5WJzdpq-Ssdpmc&v=1&r=https://tetrad.ucsf.edu/sites/tetrad.ucsf.edu/files/media/John A Moore Explanation of Mendel's work_0.pdf&p=DevEx.LB.1,5945.1. -
The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world
1872 - 1876
The Challenger expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was named after the mother vessel, HMS Challenger. Prompted by Charles Wyville Thomson—of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School—the Royal Society “Dive and Discover : History of Oceanography.” Oceanus Magazine, WHOI, www.whoi.edu/science/divediscover/history-ocean/challenger.html. -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito It causes the disease most dangerous form called falciparum malaria.“MMV Malaria Box Phenotyped against Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.” Phys.org - News and Articles on Science and Technology, Phys.org, phys.org/news/2018-01-mmv-malaria-phenotyped-plasmodium-toxoplasma.html. -
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
, Colin McLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation, in an era when it had been widely believed that it was proteins that served the function of carrying genetic. (n.d.). “Chapter 3 – Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Identified DNA as the Genetic Material: A Celebrated Clinical Observation That Led to a Fundamental Basic Discovery.” Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, Elsevier, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020746000035 -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in population
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is the mathematical equation that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. In 1908, G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently described a basic principle of population genetics, which is now named the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Works cited: Web; www.nature.com (suitable by nature education) -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in population
1908
In 1908, G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently described a basic principle of population genetics, which is now named the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Populations Lab ... www.bing.com/cr?IG=7619C5F2086C448E8F257333853E2E6C&CID=006F36E2644365E2198A3D0A65EC64F5&rd=1&h=rul_FWBlo1T8xINzC6_tdbrmQDXR_8VJ8az1k5q9SFg&v=1&r=http://docireland.org/JCC/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Population-Genetics-and-Hardy.pdf&p=DevEx.LB.1,5934.1. -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
Neils developed the model of atom structure 1913 proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus. This was a stability problem, so the remedy to the problem Neils modified the Rutherford model by requiring that the electrons move in orbits of fixed size and energy. “12. Chapter 12 Student Edition /viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZXRoczIwMi5vcmd8ZS10b3duLWNoZW1pc3RyeXxneDoxYzgwZDcyMjA0Mzg5ZDQ4 -
T. Hunt Morgan discovered sex-linkage
In 1915, Morgan and his colleagues published “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity.” And one of its major tenets was, ‘certain characteristics are sex-linked—that is occur together because they arise on the same chromosome that determines gender.Morgan. “Genetic Linkage.” Using Plants as Natural Dyes, NDSU NDSU News, www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc 431/linkage/linkage 1.htm. -
Australopithecus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered 1924
The Discovery of Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) fossil discovered was important to biology because it shows how Lucy was the almost ucy was important because show link between man and rape in evolutionary way .The biology test book says that Lucy was a human skeleton for 3.2 million with human characteristics (1)
Mowry, C., Pimentel, A., Sparks, E., & Hanlon, B. (2013). Materials characterization activities for “Take Our Sons Daughters to Work Day” 2013. doi:10.2172/1096449 -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
In the critical experiment, Frederick Griffith (1928) mixed heat-killed S with live R and injected the combination into mice: the mouse died. . He concluded that something in the heat-killed S bacteria “transformed.”Griffith. “Griffith's Experiment/Bacterial Transformation (Griffith's Experiment).” YouTube, YouTube, 15 June 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LU71ubTCZA. -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origins of Species
This was a book, the American scientist wrote which was the first substantial synthesis of the subjects and established evolutionary genetics as an independent discipline Theodosius Dobzhansky. “Genetics and the Origin of Species.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Genetics-and-the-Origin-of-Species/. -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
George W. Beadle Discovered One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis. The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis, proposed by George Wells Beadle in the US in 1941, is the theory that each gene directly produces a single enzyme, which consequently affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway.
“One-Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis | Genetics.” Biology Discussion, 13 Oct. 2016, www.biologydiscussion.com/genetics/one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis-genetics/59768. -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes .” Nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/readmore.html -
Louis Pasteur refute Spontaneous generation
This French Chemist, while publishing “The Germ Theory of Disease,” proved that the idea of spontaneous generation was wrong because no decay happened is matter was placed in a sealed container. Chapter Five. Creating Life in Nineteenth-Century France Science, Politics, and Religion in the Pasteur- Pouchet Debate over Spontaneous Generation. (n.d.). The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. doi:10.1515/9781400864089.110 -
Apollo II lands on the moon
July 20 1969 Neil Armstrong descended a ladder with pilot Buzz Aldrin to become the first humans to step onto the surface of the moon. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft.“Apollo II Lands on the Moon.” NASA, NASA, www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/video11.html. -
Ensatina described a ring species
Robert Stebbins, proposed that the species started off in Northern California and Oregon and then spread south along both sides of the Central valley, which was too dry and hot for salamanders. According to Robert’s hypothesis, as the pioneering populations moved south, they evolved into several subspecies with new color patterns and adaptations for living in different environments. -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl tested the hypothesis of DNA replication. They cultured bacteria in a 15N medium This result is consistent with the semiconservative replication model, which predicts that all DNA molecules will consist of one 15N-labeled DNA strand and one 14N-labeled DNA strand.“Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA.” Mary Cassatt: A Life | Yale University Press, 10 Nov. 2001, yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300085402/meselson-stahl-and-replication-dna. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
A convicted serial rapist whose case made legal history is back in court in Orange County. Tommie Lee Andrews was sent to prison nearly 30 years ago. Andrews was suspected in two dozen rapes in 1987 and became the first person in the United States convicted with DNA evidence Tommie Andrews. Tribunedigital-Orlandosentinel, 4 Aug. 2012, articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-08-03/news/os-dna-tommie-lee-andrews-release-20120803_1_serial-rapist-tommie-lee-andrews-dna-evidence. -
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen described the body as consisting of three connected systems the brain and nerves, which are responsible for sensation and thought; the heart and arteries, responsible for life-giving energy; and the liver and veins, responsible for nutrition and growth.Galen. “Galen of Pergamon.” Chordae Tendineae, clinanat.com/mtd/242-galen-of-pergamon. -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly the sheep, as the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, is by far the world's most famous clone. However, cloning has existed in nature since the dawn of life“Dolly the Sheep Debuts: Scientists Announced Successfully Cloning the First Mammal in 1997 - NY Daily News.” Nydailynews.com, New York Daily News, 22 Feb. 2016, www.nydailynews.com/news/world/cloners-ewe-turn-stunsscottish-scientists-cells-shee-article-1.758283. -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
2001 - 2002
The fossils represent the oldest known human ancestor after the split of the human line from that of the chimpanzees and are dated 6-7 million years old. The discovery was made by a team, led by Michel Brunet, between July 2001 and March 2002. The team announced the new species in 2002“Sahelanthropus Tchadensis Fossil Discovered.” Irreducible Complexity and Michael Behe on Intelligent Design, www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/toumai.html. -
Human genome is fully sequenced
2001 February 12
Discovering of the Human genome the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.“Human Genome Is Fully Sequenced.” Boing Boing, Boing Boing, 9 Mar. 2018, boingboing.net/2018/03/09/universal-shared-heritage.html.