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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
Civil Rights: the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality
- a peaceful protest at a segregated coffee shop in Chicago in 1943
-involved a group of nonwhite students -
Dodgers HIRE Jackie Robinson
Color Line:
- Jackie Robinson and the Dodgers - break the color line
Robinson took the field in 1974 -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation- grouping people by race
-President Truman signs Executive order
- Executive Order 9981 ends armed formed segregation -
Brown vs. Board of Education Ruling
- Thurgood Marshall: an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., were the states involved -the 1954 Supreme Court ruling declaring that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
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Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
Boycott & Rosa Parks: was a nonwhite woman that would not move for a white man
- she was not doing any harm, and was arrested for not getting up and telling a white man "no"
-many nonwhites did not ride the bus until bus segregation was over -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine: a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School
- a group of nonwhite students that wanted to attend school and were escorted by officers so they wouldn't be harmed during the day
- they were called names and shouted at throughout the day, but still continued to attend school -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
SCLC: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization
-involved African- American Society and their rights
- MLK was the president of the organization -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
Jim Crow Laws: were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States
Sit-In: a civil rights protest in which protesters sit down in a public place and refuse to move, thereby causing the business to lose customers
- had to do with the nonwhite americans
- affected the nonwhites by enforcing the rights to all people including nonwhites. -
Freedom Rides
Civil Disobedience & SNCC: the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust & Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- was when college students were the people involved, the bus was burnt
- blacks and whites rode interstate buses together in 1961 to test whether southern states were complying with the Supreme Court ruling against segregation on interstate transport -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson: a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court
-a Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
-nonwhites that didn't have their own rights and that were fighting for them -
March on Washington
NAACP: national association for the Advancement of Colored people
-a 1963 protest in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital for "jobs and freedom" and the passage of civil rights legislation
-Philip Randolph, the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
disenfranchise: the right to vote
- the act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
- the act also called for the federal government to supervise voter registration in areas where less than half of voting-age citizens were registered to vote -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam: an African American political and religious movement
Malcom X: an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist
- a religious group, also known as the Black Muslims, that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
- Malcom X was the leader of the Nation of Islam -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power: a political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent
- a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
-an early supporter explained, “The black panther was a vicious animal, who, if he was attacked, would not back up. It was a political symbol that we were here to stay and we were going to do whatever needed to be done to survive.” -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex
- a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
- it made sure that there was no discrimination between whites and nonwhites -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
desegregation: the ending of a policy of racial segregation
- the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
- involved the nonwhite kids that were now able to get to school -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
ghettos: a part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
- a 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
- involved nonwhites that lived in ghettos -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
Affirmative action: an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination
- a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
- it mostly involved the nonwhites wanting to attend schools
