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The first farm settlements developed in Mesopotamia as early as 7000 BC. The farmers grew many grains. (55)
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As early as 7000 BC, Farmers began to grow rice in China. The silt deposits in the area made it perfect for growing crops. (162)
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By 3200 BC, several villages banded together to create two kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. (88)
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In 3100 BC Menes became king of Upper Egypt. He unified Upper and Lower Egypt and married a princess from Lower Egypt. He wore both the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt. This began the First Dynasty. (89)
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Several thousand Sumerians moved to southern Mesopotamia by 3000 BC. They called the region Sumer. (60, 72)
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After about 200 years of the First Dynasty, rivals rose up and challenged the pharaohs. Eventually, they took over Egypt and founded the Second Dynasty. (89)
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After the First and Second Dynasties ended, the Third Dynasty's rule began, starting the Old Kingdom. (90)
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The Indus river valley civilization was a civilization that rose around the Indus river valley. It included the Harrapans and the Aryans. (126, 128)
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According to stories, the Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great around 2200 BC. It has not been confirmed, but this dynasty was important to the Chinese culture because of the stories of people working together. (163)
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Near the end of the Old Kingdom, the pharaohs lost their power and wealth. Nobles gained enough power to challenge them. Around 2050 BC, Mentuhotep II came to power, beginning the Middle Kingdom. (96)
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The Aryans originally were from the area around the Caspian sea. They arrived in India in the 2000s BC. (128)
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Around 2000 BC, one of the leaders of the villages in the area took control of the other villages and founded Kush (108)
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After Ur was destroyed, several later peoples rose in Mesopotamia. They included the Babylonians, Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, and Chaldeans. (73-75)
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The ancient greeks were people that lived in Greece between the 2000s and 330s BC. (230)
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Hammurabi became king of Babylon in 1792 BC. He ruled for 42 years. (72)
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The Shang Dynasty is the first dynasty with evidence that it existed. It was established by the 1500s BC. Shang rulers had to move the capital several times, probably because of flooding or attack. (163)
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In 1200s BC, Ramses the Great's rule began. He had one of the longest reigns in Egyptian History.He became allies with the Hittites after fighting them for years. (98)
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Some historians believe that the Mycenaeans attacked the Trojans around 1200 BC, starting the Trojan War, which is emphasized in many works of literature.
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Around 1200 BC, Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt to Canaan. In 930 BC, Israel was then split into two different kingdoms. (204-205)
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In the mid-1000s BC, Saul became the first king of Israel when the Israelites asked Samuel the prophet for a king. (205)
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Rigveda was the oldest of India's Vedas. It was probably written before 1000 BC and contains hymns of praise to many Hindu gods. (132)
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Around 1000 BC, the Maaya began to settle in Modern day Guatemala. By AD 200, they began to build large cities. (468)
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The Spartans were fierce warriors that lived in Greece between 900 and about 380 BC. (266)
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Athenians were people living in Greece who loved education and art. (268)
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Rome was allegedly founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. They grew in power until they were attacked by barbarians and the empire split in the late 200s. (297, 340)
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In 612, the Chaldeans destroyed Nineveh and the Assyrian empire. They then set up an empire of their own. (75)
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Siddharta Gautama, later known as Buddha, was born around 563 BC. He grew up to found Buddhism by gaining enlightenment under a tree near the Ganges River. (136-137)
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In 550 BC, Cyrus the second, later known as Cyrus the Great, led a revolt against the Medes, who were ruling the Persians at the time. His victory marked the beginning of the Persian empire. (260)
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The Persian empire was one of the most powerful empires in Asia. (260)
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Around 500 BC, a leader named Cleisthenes developed the world's first democracy. (238)
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Around 500 BC, Africans found out that if certain times of rock were heated, the would get iron, which was useful for making tools. (383)
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In the 400s BC, the government of Rome made changes to the government to keep the plebians happy. They set up a tripartite government. (302)
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In 387 BC the Gauls attacked Rome and took over. The Romans were forced to pay them immense amounts of gold before they left. (308)
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In 334, Alexander the Great began his conquest. He started by attacking the Persians. After that, he moved on to Egypt, Finished off the Persians, and started to conquer India before his soldiers wanted to turn back. (274)
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In the 320s BC, Candragupta Maurya gained control of the entire northern area of India. Doing so, he founded the Mauryan Empire which lasted about 150 years. (142)
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In 221 BC, Ying Zheng became the ruler of China. He called himself "Shi Huangdi" and ruled over the Qin Dynasty. (172)
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In around 210 BC, The Han Dynasty began. It was first ruled by a peasant, Liu Bang, who became emperor because of the mandate of heaven. (178)
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The Dead Sea Scrolls were texts and passages about and from the Hebrew Bible.
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Ceasar was one of the greatest generals in Rome. From 58 to 50 BC, and conquered nearly all of Gaul in that period. (323)
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Octavian became emperor in 27 BC, after announcing that he was giving his power to the Senate. In reality, he kept it, and was given the name "Augustus." (324)
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The Talmud was a book of commentaries on Torah and Jewish laws. They were produced between AD 200 and 600 (212)
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In around 300 AD, the Soninke people of Africa started to band together. They created Ghana. They grew in strength. Soon they controlled trade in the area. In about 1200, the people of Ghana rose up and rebelled. They took over the country, but didn't know how to handle it, so the empire fell apart. (386, 388)
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In the 480s, the Franks, a powerful people group, conquered Gaul. They were ruled by Clovis, a Christian king. Under him, they created one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe. This kingdom would later be ruled by Charlemagne. (503)
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Muhammed was born in around 570. He is renowned as the founder of Islam, and the prophet of Allah, the Muslim god. (356)
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After a period of disunion after the fall of the Han dynasty, the Sui dynasty came into place. This new dynasty did not last long, however. (411)
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In around 613, Muhammed started to preach about his messages from Allah. He was kicked out of Mecca by the wealthy merchants, who didn't like his teachings. (356)
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A new dynasty arose in 618 when the old government was overthrown. This dynasty was called the Tang dynasty and lasted for almost 300 years. (411)
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In 1794, the capital of Japan was moved to Heian. The nobles who moved with him created an imperial court. They loved beauty and elegance. (446)
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In the 800s, the dreaded Vikings began to raid the Frankish empire. The Frankish kings were not able to defend themselves. They never knew when the Vikings were going to attack. Nobles hired knights to defend themselves and gave them fiefs as pay, starting the feudal society. (506-507)
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China was reunified in 960 after a period of disorder. The new dynasty was called the Song dynasty. This dynasty lasted for about 300 years, like the Tang dynasty. (412)
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In the late 1000s, a group of Turkish Muslims took over Jerusalem. They stopped Pilgrims from entering the city. The Christians got angry, starting the Crusades. (528)
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In 1073, Pope Gregory VII became pope in Rome. He and Emperor Henry IV got into fights resulting in Pope Gregory excommunicating Emperor Henry. Emperor Henry came to him begging forgiveness. Henry stood outside the Pope's castle for three days barefoot in the snow before the Pope forgave him and brought him back into the church. (527)
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In the 1100s, Zen Buddhism was introduced to Japan.Zen Buddhists that that good wisdom did not come from good behavior. Instead, they mediated. (450)
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In the 1100s Bc, the Zhou Dynasty ruled in China. They lasted longer than any other Dynasty in China. The kings claimed to have "mandate from heaven." (166)
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In 1192, the leader of the Minamoto clan took over Japan. He kept the emperor as a figurehead and took the title shogun. (455)
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Mali was in the same location as Ghana. It also controlled trade. During the time that Mali was around, cotton was introduced to the kingdom. By 1500, nearly all of the kingdom had been seized by other kingdoms. (390, 392)
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In 1215, a group of Nobles forced the King to agree to a document that protected the rights of everyone. They called the document the Magna Carta, meaning "Great Charter."
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China was conquered by the Mongols in 1297. The new Mongol empire was known as the Yuan dynasty. (427)
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The first Aztecs migrated from the north to central Mexico. They settled on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. (474)
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After defeating the Mongols, Zhu Yuanzhang became the ruler of china, beginning the Ming dynasty, which lasted from 1368 AD to 1644. The Ming dynasty was one of the most prosperous times in China's history. (427)
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The kingdom of Songhai was captured by Mali in the 1300s. But when the Mali empire began to weaken, the Songhai rebelled and gained their freedom. The empire fell in 1591 when it was conquered by Morroco. (393)
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In the mid-1400s, Pachacuti, the ruler of the Incans started to enlarge the Inca territory. Leaders after him followed his example and by the 1500s, The Inca empire stretched from modern Ecuador to Chile. The population was about 12,000,000. The Incas did not practice human sacrifice. In 1537, Pizzaro, a conquistador, defeated the Incas. (481, 483)
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The Revolution was a war fought by some of England's colonies to gain independence. After winning, the colonies became the great United States of America. This can be compared to when Songhai fought against Mali and gained their independence. They also created a great nation.
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In 1896, Henri Bequerel discovered wierd rays being emitted from Uranium. These rays were later known as radioactive rays. This can be compared to when iron ore was discovered in Africa. Both were discoveries that (at some point) woud revolutionize the way people think.
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The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty of peace that the Germans were forced to sign after their loss in World War II. Like the Magna Carta, the signers were forced to sign for the good of the people.
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On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. Over the course of the time, he started World War II and formed a great empire, before his army surrendered. This can be compared to Julius Ceasar's rise. They both were dictators, they both formed huge empires, and they both would have been killed if Hitler had not commited suicide first.
