Astarita Final

Romanesque Style Prevails

Period: 1000 to 1100

Gothic Style Prevails

Period: 1200 to 1300

Foundation of Mendicant Orders (Franciscans and Dominicans)

Period: 1200 to 1250

Magna Carta in England, Limiting Powers of Monarchy

1215

Popes Resettled in Avignon

Period: 1309 to 1377

Death of Dante (Author of Divine Comedy)

1321

Death of Giotto, First Artist of the Renaissance

1337

Start of the Hundred Years' War

1337

Black Death Starts

Period: 1347 to 1352

Death of Petrarch (Early Humanist)

1374

Great Schism of the Church

Period: 1378 to 1417

Succession Wars in France, Britain, and Iberian Kingdoms

Period: 1400 to 1500

Council of Constance Ends Great Schism

1417

Imitation of Christ, Central to the Modern Devotion

1418

Siege of Orleans

1429

Joan of Arc Trial and Execution

1431

Medici Dominance in Florence

1434

Humanism and Italian Prosperity

Period: 1450 to 1490

Firearm and Artillery Development

Period: 1450 to 1500

End of the Hundred Years' War — French Victory

1453

Gutenberg Bible Printed

1455

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille

1469

Spanish Inquisition

1479

Hammer of Witches, Misogynist Tract on Demonic Witchcraft

1484

Spanish Conquest in Grenada, End of Muslim Rule in Spain, and Expulsion of Jews from Spain

1492

Columbus' Voyage to America

1492

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494

Vasco de Gama's Voyage to India

1497

Price Revolution, Increasing Inflation

Period: 1500 to 1600

Population and Economic Growth in Europe

Period: 1500 to 1600

Reign of Henry VIII in Europe

Period: 1509 to 1547

Reign of Frances I in France

Period: 1515 to 1547

Death of Ferdinand, Charles V Inherits Spanish Kingdoms

1516

Luther Post 95 Theses

1517

Charles V Becomes Holy Roman Emperor

1519

Cortez Arrives in Mexico

1519

Magellan's Ship Circumnavigates the Globe

Period: 1519 to 1522

Charles V Condemns Luther, Pope Excommunicates Luther

1521

Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire

Period: 1524 to 1525

Ottoman Siege of Vienna Fails

1529

Pizarro Leads Spanish Conquest of Peru

Period: 1530 to 1540

Papacy of Paul III and Start of Catholic Reforms

Period: 1534 to 1549

Anabaptists' Rule in Munster

Period: 1534 to 1535

Founding of the Ursulines, Activist Order of Nuns

1535

Establishment of the English Reformation

1536

Death of Erasmus, Greatest Christian Humanist

1536

Centralization of Papal Inquisition in Rome

1542

Establishment of First Silver Mines in Potosi in South America

1545

Council of Trent Shapes Counter-Reformation

Period: 1545 to 1563

Death of Luther

1546

Vasari Writes the Lives of Artists

1550

Witch Hunts

Period: 1550 to 1675

Spread of Calvinism in France, Netherlands, and Scotland

Period: 1550 to 1600

Reign of Mary I in England

Period: 1553 to 1558

Peace of Ausburg Recognizes the Rights of Lutheran Princes

1555

Death of Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits

1556

Philip II's Reign in Spain

Period: 1556 to 1598

Reign of Elizabeth I in England, Returning England to Protestantism

Period: 1558 to 1603

First Papal Index of Forbidden Books

1559

French Wars of Religion

Period: 1562 to 1598

Death of Calvin

1564

Start of Dutch Calvinist Rebellion Against Spain

1566

Christian Victory Over Ottomans at Lepanto

1571

Saint Bartholomew's Massacre of the Huguenots in France

1572

Mannerism in the Arts

Period: 1575 to 1600

Death of Teresa of Avila, Mystic and Saint

1582

Execution in England of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

1587

Invincable Armada's Failed Expedition to England

1588

Henry IV Bourbon Becomes King of France

1589

Peace Between Spain and France

1598

Henry IV Issues Edict of Nantes, Granting Tolerance to Huguenots

1598

Dutch Dominate Trade

Period: 1600 to 1650

Baroque in the Arts

Period: 1600 to 1700

Military Revolution — Changes in Size and Organization of Armies

Period: 1600 to 1650

General Economic Crisis — Plantation Economies in Colonies

Period: 1600 to 1700

Reign of James I in England

Period: 1603 to 1625

Bank of Amsterdam Becomes the First Public Bank

1609

Reign of Louis XIII in France

Period: 1610 to 1643

Thirty Years' War

Period: 1618 to 1648

Richelieu as the Chief Minister of France

Period: 1624 to 1642

Reign of Charles I in England

Period: 1625 to 1645

Edict of Restitution Widens Thirty Years' War

1629

Charles I Reigns Without Parliament

Period: 1629 to 1640

Death of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in Thirty Years' War

1632

Foundation of the Academie Francaise

1635

Long Parliament in Session in England

Period: 1640 to 1653

Wave of Revolts Against Spain in its European Lands

Period: 1640 to 1650

Death of Monterverdi, First Great Opera Composer

1642

Death of Galileo, Italian Astronomer and Physicist

1642

English Civil War

Period: 1642 to 1645

Mazarin as the Chief Minister of France

Period: 1643 to 1661

Reign of Louis XIV in France

Period: 1643 to 1715

Peace of Westphalia Ends Thirty Years' War — France Hegemony, Decline of the Holy Roman Empire

1648

Growth of Prussian State and Army

1648

Revolts in France Against the Monarchy

Period: 1648 to 1653

Execution of Charles I of England

1649

English Dominate Trade

Period: 1650 to 1700

Hobbes' Leviathan Published

1651

Military Dictatorship of Cromwell in England

Period: 1653 to 1658

Foundation of the English Royal Society for the Spread of Science

1660

French Classicism and Salon Culture

Period: 1660 to 1670

Habeas Corpus Law in England

1679

Reign of Peter the Great in Russia

Period: 1682 to 1725

Failed Ottoman Siege of Vienna, Decline of Ottoman Empire, and Austrian Expansion in the Balkans

1683

Edict of Nantes Revoked, End of Tolerance for French Huguenots

1685

Reign of James II in England

Period: 1685 to 1688

Newton's Principia Published

1687

Glorious Revolution: William & Mary Gain English Throne

1688

Bill of Rights in England

1689

Locke's Two Treatises of Government Published

1690

Death of Racine, Great French Classicist Playwright

1699

Aristocratic Presence in Politics and Society

Period: 1700 to 1800

Rococo in the Arts

Period: 1700 to 1750

Natural motifs

War of Spanish Succession

Period: 1702 to 1713

Founding of St. Petersburg

1703

Peace of Utrecht: Giving of Spanish Colonial Lands (Gibraltar to England)

1713

Hanover Dynasty Succeeds to English Throne

1714

Reign of Louis XV in France

Period: 1715 to 1774

Richardson's Pamela Published

1740

Reign of Maria Theresa in Austria

Period: 1740 to 1780

Reign of Frederick II in Prussia

Period: 1740 to 1786

War of the Austrian Succession, Prussia Gains Territory

Period: 1740 to 1748

Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws Published

1748

Death of J.S. Bach, Great Baroque Musician

1750

Population/Agricultural Growth and Beginnings of Industrialization

Period: 1750 to 1800

Encyclopedie Published

Period: 1751 to 1752

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War — French Loss of Colonies

Period: 1756 to 1763

Execution of Jean Calas

1761

Rousseau's New Heloise Published

1761

Rousseau's Emile and the Social Contract Published

1762

Reign of Catherine II in Russia

Period: 1762 to 1796

Beccaria's Of Crimes and Punishment Published

1764

Development of the Spinning Jenny

1765

Death of Winckelmann, Theorist of Neoclassicism

1768

Development of James Watt's Steam Engine

1769

Captain Cook Reaches Australia

1770

Goethe's Werther Published

1774

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations Published

1776

Death of Rousseau and Voltaire

1778

Reign of Joseph II in Austria

Period: 1780 to 1790

Start of the French Revolution

1789

Death of Mozart

1791

Death of Immanuel Kant, Enlightenment Moral Philosopher

1804