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Jun 15, 1215
Magna Carta
Charter that King John issued that recognizes the right of persons to certain basic liberties -
Dec 14, 1305
Habeas Corpus
A writ that requires a person to be brought before a judge or court for investigation of restraint, protection of illegal imprisonment -
Dec 4, 1450
Adobe
A building item made of mud and straw
Native Americans used these bricks to build houses
An example of their technology -
Jan 1, 1460
Migrate
To move lands for resources
Native Americans migrated from Russia
They were the first to populate North America -
Dec 8, 1466
Moctezuma
2nd Aztec Empire, expanded kingdom, wasn't friendly with Spanish
He was the last emperor before they were conquered by Spanish -
Dec 13, 1485
Hernan Cortez
A Spanish conquistador, (Mexico, Spain, Aztecs), Spain captured Mexico under his control -
Dec 8, 1492
Columbian Exchange
Time of biological exchanges between Old World and New World, plants, animals, diseases, and people, new species have been introduced to new land, invasive species -
Dec 13, 1492
Christopher Columbus
A sailor from SPain in the 15th century, (Spain, Queen Isabella, King Ferdinand), he landed in the Caribbean and found the new world -
Dec 8, 1500
Mestizo
A person with a Spanish and Native American parentage, mixed up the gene pool -
Dec 14, 1500
Mercantilism
Economic system where nations seek to increase wealth and power by obtaining a lot of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade
Lasted until the 1700's -
Dec 8, 1566
Presidio
A Spanish led community, San Francisco was taken by Spanish, creation of borders -
Renaissance
A cultural rebirth, European nations -
Joint Stock Company
A company that took stock and gave buying people interest, opened stock to colonies, they supported and funded the colonies, but they were also the only funders of the colonies, colonies wouldn’t exist without the companies -
Salutary Neglect
Unofficial long term British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of Parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England
Till about 1696 -
House of Burgesses
1st form of government in American colonies, representatives were chosen from 11 plantations, 1st form of organized law in the New World -
Mayflower Compact
Plymouth’s 1st governing document, written by separatists congressionalist or saints -
Puritan
Protestants who disagreed with the Church of England, persecuted for their religion and left England, 1st colony in New England, Plymouth -
Indentured Servant
Labor system in which people sold themselves to work to pay off debts, usually poor English convicts -
John Smith
New England Admiral, important figure in Jamestown, mapped Chesapeake Bay -
Middle Passage
A stage of the triangular trade in slaves were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. -
William Penn
A Quaker, founded Pennsylvania, refuge for Quakers, this colony was friendly with the Indians, diverse in culture and open to new ideas -
Cash Crop
A crop sold at a high value
Tobacco and cotton -
Bacon's Rebellion
Armed rebellion by Virginian settlers, Nathaniel Bacon was the leader who opposed William Berkeley, colonists are not unified -
English Bill of Rights
Created separation of powers, limits powers of the king and queen, enhances democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech -
The Great Awakening
Revived the religious feelings in the American colonies
Lasted from the early 18th century until the late 19th centuer -
Enlightenment
18th century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and scientific method -
Tariif
A tax
Congress has passed a “protective tariff”. This tariff was an import tax on goods produced in Europe. The tax was meant to encourage American production. -
Impressment
A British policy that practiced the seizing of American ships at sea or drafting them into the British Navy. One of these seizings an American captain refused the British right to board their ship, The British fired and killed 3 Americans. -
Bicameral Legislature
A two house legislature for representation of both large and small states. With members based on population. Important because it helped give fair representation for big and small states created by Madison Virginia. -
Articles of Confederation
A new type of government in a set of laws. Two levels of government shared powers. Purpose was to equalize powers and not have one huge monarchy
The U.S's first constitution -
Shay's Rebellion
The farmers protest. Caused pain and dismay throughout the nation. Nation’s reputation in danger caused to strengthen the foundation of the nation and not to be codependent -
Northwest Ordinance
A procedure for dividing the land into territories. Became Confederation’s greatest achievement. Important because it established a blueprint for the future growth of the nation -
The Federalist
A series of 85 essays defending the constitution appeared in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788 provided on analysis and an explanation of constitutional provisions that remain important today
Alexander Hamilton -
Great Compromise
Suggested by Rodger Sherman. Offered a two house congress to satisfy the small and large states and each state gets equal representation to give the state's satisfaction for equality. -
Checks and Balances
Provisions of the U.S that prevent any branch of government from dominating any other branch -
Separation of Powers
An act of vesting the legislature executive and judicial powers of government in separation bodies to reduce the power in one section of law and spread equal power. -
Limited Government
The power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties in restricted by law usually in a written constitution gives the public power to participate in law and reduce monarchy -
Cabinet
The cabinet consists of Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Thomas Jefferson. The cabinet is the President’s advisors through departments like secretary of state or secretary of treasury. The cabinet was important because Washington could get opinions from his most trusted advisors and still have his opinion. -
Alexander Hamilton
He was the secretary of the treasury in Washington’s cabinet. Hamilton was important because he created an economic plan that set the nation's finances and created a firm for our economy. -
John Jay
The chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was in London to negotiate a treaty with Britain at the tone of the Battle of Fallen Timbers; a disputed issue was which nation would control territories west of the Appalachian Mountains. An author of The Federalist -
Judicial Review
Created after the Marbury Vs Madison trial. The ability of the Supreme Court declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. This was important because before the Supreme Court could not enforce the Judiciary Act of 1789. -
Second Great Awakening
A revival of religion
The United States of America created a religious movement revivals to show the idea that making money and practicing religion weren't exclusive -
Loose Construction
The United States founding fathers gave a foundation to the New Land. The founding fathers created the constitution leaving room for improvement and was important because it allowed more freedom and room to grow and improve as well as interpretations. -
Strict Construction
A legal philosophy meaning the constitution is exactly what it says. The constitution was not open to interpretation leaving it exactly what it means. This leaves no room to grow and only has set rules everyone should follow. -
Whiskey Rebellion
Secretary Hamilton put taxes on imported goods but it wasn't enough so he put a tax on whiskey. A tax pt on the manufacturing of whiskey angered farmers and they refused to pay the taxes. Hamilton saw this opportunity for the government to show they could enforce the law along the western frontier. -
Cotton Gin
Cotton Engine for short fiber cotton
Invented by Eli Whitney
Increased slave pop. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
Four Measures created by Federalists pushing through Congress. The Alien acts raised the residence requirements for American Citizenship from 5 years to 14 and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. The Sedition acts set fines and jail terms for anything trying to hinder the operation of the government. Passed by Pres. John Adams -
Nullification
A state that refused to recognize an act of Congress. These acts were considered unconstitutional. -
Interchangable Parts
Standarized parts that can be used in place of another
Invented by Eli Whitney
First step to creating tools with which unskilled workers could make uniform parts -
Marbury V. Madison
William Marbury, one of the midnight judges James Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state. One of the most important supreme court decisions. Marbury sued to enforce the provision of the judiciary act of 1789. The court decided that the provision of the act was unconstitutional because the constitution did not empower the court to issue these orders. -
Louisiana Purchase
Monroe and Livingston closed a deal to purchase land. A treaty was signed selling Louisiana to the U.S.. The Louisiana Purchase included all the land drained by the Western tributaries of the Mississippi river. This purchase more than doubled the size of the United States. -
War Hawks
Was a group of young congressmen from the South and the West. The War Hawks called for war against Britain. This was the start of the Canadian Rebellion against Britain. -
Hartford Convention
A series of meetings in which the Federalist Party met to discuss the War of 1812 -
Treaty of Ghent
The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the UK and the US -
Erie Canal
A canal connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie
Provided straight shot from Erie to Atlantic
Finished on October 26, 1825
Dramatically increased trade -
Missouri Compromise
Maine is declared a free state and Missouri is a slave state
Stopped spread of slavery into the North
Congress -
American System
Meant to unite nation's economic interests, North would supply industry, the South would provide food
Presented by Henry Clay
Would theoretically would make America independent of Europe -
Henry Clay
House Speaker
Promoted American System -
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe declared Western Hemisphere off limits to Europe
Isolated America from European affairs -
Jacksonian Democracy
Created by Andrew Jackson, it was a form of democracy in the mid 1800’s that created the beliefs around Andrew Jackson. This provided a group who agreed with Jackson close to power. -
Tariff of Abominations
A tax passed in order to protect the industry in the northern US
The southern US suffered from the tax -
Andrew Jackson
He was a general from Tennessee. He defeated Native Americans of the Creek Tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe bend in March of 1814. Greatest victory was after the war. He was important because his troops defeated British forces at the Battle of New Orleans. Became 7th president, “King Andrew” -
Indian Removal Act
Passed by Congress. It moved the Indians West so America could take more land. This moved the Indians and payed them off so they wouldn't fight it. -
Nat Turner
Born into slavery in 1800, he was chosen to lead people out of bandage. Got captured by state and federal troops after killing almost 60 white inhabitants. -
William Llyod Garrison
Most radical and white abolitionist took part in religious reform movements and started his own paper “The Liberator”. -
Abolition Movement
A movement to outlaw slavery given by preachers like Finney -
Lone Star Republic
The territory of Texas that had their own army and navy and proudly flew their new flag with a gold lone star. They were sparsely populated. -
Dorothea Dix
Joined the social reform by personal experience and discovered jails. Housed mentally ill people then decided to persuade states to open up mental hospitals. -
Utopian Communties
Some of optimistic religious and social reforms experimentalists groups tried to make an ideal place. -
Mormon Movement
Religious community that migrated westward along the Oregon Trail, played a major role in the settling of the West. -
Wilmot Proviso
David Wilmot introduced an amendment that slavery nor involuntary servitude should exist. California and territories such as Utah and New Mexico would be closed to slavery forever. It divided the congress along regional lines and created angry people. -
California Gold Rush
Forty miners flocked to California from Asia, South America, and Europe to mine gold that was supposedly the best placed to mine gold at. This made California a very popular place. -
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo signed by America and Mexico, Mexico agreed to the border for Texas and sold New Mexico and California to the US. -
Seneca Falls Convention
A woman’s right convention by Lickelta Malt and Elizabeth Stanton. -
Elizabeth Stanton
Held a woman’s right movement with Matt given women the first look at quality. -
Popular Sovereignty
The North and South involved the ability to vote for or against slavery for their territory. This gives the ability to decide whether a region is for or against slavery naming the state free or a slave state -
Underground Railroad
Conductors hid fugitives and the slaves who ran away could be escorted across tunnels to flee from being slaves. This allowed slaves to run away and be free from slavery -
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay worked to compose this compromise. California was admitted a free state, Utah and New Mexico would decide over popular Sovereignty. This created a perfect balance of slave and free states -
Harriet Beecher Stowe
She was a student abolitionist and she published Uncle Tom’s cabin, a book about a life of a slave. She predicted the way a slave lived and created an incorrect image of slavery of how the North sees it. -
Gadsden Purchase
Franklin Pierce authorized his embassy to pay Mexico additional 60 million for another piece of territory South of the Gila River. This allowed the US to acquire more land from Mexico. -
Kansas Nebraska Act
Douglas introduced a bill to divide an area into 2. It divided the territory into Kansas and Nebraska and it left the fort of new territories to fend for themselves -
Radical Republicans
A political party that lasted until the end of Reconstruction in 1877
Strongly opposed slavery and demanded harsher punishment for South
Attempted to impeach Johnson after he didn't agree with their Reconstruction plan -
Dred Scott
A slave from Missouri whose owner died and he began a lawsuit to become a free man because he lived in free territory. He was one of the first slaves to try to win his freedom. -
Harper's Ferry
Virginia now West Virginia. John Brown led a band of 21 men both black and white into the ferry. He led them to seize the federal arsenal and start a general slave uprising. -
Anaconda Plan
A war strategy to put down rebellion by Confederacy,Devised by General Winfeild Scott
Plan was to blockade the saltwater ports of the South and stop Mississppi commere
Got the nickname because it would strangle the economy
Prevent Southern exports, Divide South through mississpie and Tenness river Vall
Capture Richmond, Virgina , the captial of the Confederacy
Was used in Antietam, Shiloh Battles
Consisted of aofcre between 60,000-80,000 men
Effective, but could have been better if inacted earl -
Battle of Fort Sumter
Charleston South Caroilina
General Beauregard Confederates, 500 soldiers, attacked from harbor, the battle (siege)lasted 6 days
Major Robert Anderson Union, 80 soldiers, surrendered
Confederate attack on Union fort
Only one casualty, Union soldier
Only was attacked because Lincoln wanted to resupply the fort
First battle of the Civil War, made many men enlist, made people realise war was coming
Fort Sumter was in "enemy territory" because South Carolina has seceded -
Bull Run (First one)
Prince William County, Virgina
Referred to as First Manassas by the Confederates
General Beauregard and Johnston for South
Both forces had 18,000 poorly trained troops
Union attack on Confederate to make way ot Richmond, Union lost, General McDowell only fought under political pressure
First major land battle, made Union realize that this war would drag on
Union had 460 dead, 1124 wounded, 1312 missing/captured
The defeat stunned the North
July 22nd, Lincoln signed a bill calling for 500,000 men -
Confederate States of America
Delegates from the secessionist states met in Montgomery, Alabama. This closely resembled the United States and protected and recognized slavery in the new territories. -
Battle of Shiloh
Pittsburgh landing, Tennesee
Ended on the 7th
Union, 66,000 men, Grant had about 26,000, Don Carlos Buell had about 50,000, 13,000 casualites
South, Johnston, Beauregard, about 45,000 total men,10,700 casualites
Union captured several forts, allowed movement in Ten
(died)Johnston waiting for attack, Cons initailly winning
Union hid on used road (Hornets Nest) and hid in trenches,
Union regrouped and Carlos showed up, Union Victory
Bloodiest battle at first, showed how brutal the war will be -
Battle of Antietam
Union,McCellan, defensive strategy, just didnt want to lose
South,Lee, baited North into attacking first
Antieatm Creek, Maryland
Bloodiest single day battle
7 women fought for Union 1 for South
no clear winner(considered Union win), set South back, N morale+, Emancipation Proclamation -
Battle oF Fredericksburg
Frederickbrug, Virgina, till the 15th
Union, Burnside, McCellan was supposed to attack but Lincoln ordered Burmside in
South, Lee, weak right flank
One of the largest and deadliest battles in the war
Burnsides tactics sucked(fired), South victory,led to mud march -
Battle of Chancellorsville
Chancellorsville, Virgina,till May 6th
Union, 97,000 men, 14,00o casualites, led by Hooker, lost,flanked Lee's army,didnt take high ground
South, led by Lee, 57,000 men, 10,000 casualites, won by splitting army ,Stonewall died by friendly fire, little benefit from this battle, Meade replaced Hooker -
The Siege of Vicksburg
Till July 4th
Vicksburg was last major Confederate stronghold in Mississppi River, completeed Anaconda Plan
Union, cut off all supplies, failed attempt, more casualties
Union eventualy won battle, guerrilla warfare
Pemberton (South) wanted Grant to surrender , Grant won and paroled all the prisoners instead of prison camps and were not expected to fight again, though most ended up in other battles -
Battle of Gettysburg
Union, Medeade and Reynolds, won
South, Lee
till July 3rd, Gettysburg Pennsylvania, 46,000 total casualties
Lees 2nd invasion attempt, largest battle in North
Day 1 union collapsed day 2 Union held ground Day 3 Union vicotry, Lincoln gives Gettsburg Address
Women disguised as solidiers, Meade is fired for not pursuing Southern soldiers -
Battle of Atlanta
Union, 34,000 men, Sherman, used L shaped tactics won, boosted morale, Lincoln reelected(hecka important),
Confederate, 40,000, Bell Hood
Atlanta was a center of military ops and supply route, made it a target for Union
One day battle
Beginning of Shermans March -
Sherman's March to the Sea
Till Dec. 24, Atlanta to Savannah -
Reconstruction
The rebuilding of the South begins
Trying to get the South back to normal
Lasted until March 31, 1877
An overall failure, South became a sloppy backwater that ruled through fear and second class citizenship -
Freedman's Bureau
Established by Congress to help poor blacks and whites in the South
Established schools in the South -
The Black Codes
Laws passed by the South to limit freedoms of African Americans
Angered Radical Republicans
Forced blacks to work on farms or as servants
Prevented them from owning guns and voting -
Freedmas Bureau
Established to help poor blacks and whites in the South
Established schools -
Civil Rights Act
Granted the same rights and citizenship to every man
All citizens are equally protected by law -
Sharecropping
Landowners allow tenants (usually former slaves) to farm and live on a piece of land in exchange for some of the profits -
Ku Klux Klan
A group of white southerners, against ANY minority gaining civil rights
Originally a political group for ex-Confederate soldiers
Used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks
Murdered and lynched -
Carpetbaggers
A Northerner that preyed on the weakness of Southerners -
14th Amendment
guarenteed citizenship to all natural born citizens or naturalized citizens within the U.S. except for Indians
State govs. can't deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process of law -
15th Amendment
Gave African Americans the right to vote
Angered women's rights activists because women of any color still couldn't vote -
Enforcement Acts
Three laws passed by Congress between 1870-71
Criminal codes to protect African Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of the law -
Reparations
The idea that some form of compensatory payment should be made to the descendants of Africans who had been enslaved by the Atlantic Slave Trade. -
Manifest Destiny
Many Americans expressed their belief that the US destiny was to expand to the Pacific ocean and Mexican territory. -
Dawes Act
Allowed the President to survey Native American tribal land and divide it up for individual Indians
Introduced by Henry Dawes -
Northwest Passage
A nautical route between the Pacific Oceans and Northern Atlantic (Arctic region)
Explored by Europeans
A new shorter route
