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1323 BCE
Tutankhamun's Mask
represents Egyptian perspective on mortality and the importance of preservation and honoring the dead -
330 BCE
The Marathon Boy
Greek -
79
Herculaneum Papyri
traditional Greek scroll -
175
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
Rome -
190
Unswept Floor
from the emperor Hadrian's villa at Tivoli Sosus of Pergamon, commentary about how the excess of food represents wealth -
220
Wood Block Printing
earliest wood block printing was first discovered in China -
990
Moveable Type
first came about during the Bi Sheng Northern Song Dynasty, made wood block printing more efficient -
1100
Codex Gigas
beginning of traditional book format -
1321
Death Mask of Dante Alighieri
mask created after the person dies to commemorate the dead, meant to be a devotional practice -
1337
Jikji
religious Korean text, first to utilize moveable metal type, huge turning point in printing history -
1400
Tacuinum Sanitatis
midieval handbook associated with health, discusses how to achieve good health via diet, farming, and agricultural practices -
1415
Discovery of Linear Perspective
Brunelleschi
experimentation that allowed proportion and perspective to be demonstrated in later paintings -
1434
Emerald Buddha
Thailand, made from green jade which suggests the idea it is made of a more precious stone, the royal family in Thailand is responsible for changing the attire of the Buddha at the start of each of the three seasons, bringing the statue out in a parade is said to have blessed the harvest and other worries of the villages (outdated ritual) -
1436
Lucca Madonna
Jan Van Eyck, represents motherhood and utilizes symbolism to represent love and paradise -
1440
Gutenberg Printing Press
combines moveable metal type with screw presses, huge advancement in printing, increased public access to books -
1465
Portrait of the Duke of Urbino and his Wife
Piero Della Francesca -
1480
Madonna and Child
Carlo Crivelli, tempura and gold on wood, utilized apples to symbolize sin and evil and cucumbers to symbolize redemption -
1482
The Birth of Venus
Sandro Botticelli -
1490
Dance of Death
Janez iz Kastva -
1509
Madonna of Loreto
Raphael, depicts the tender relationship between Mary and Christ -
1526
Adam and Eve
Lucas Cranach the Elder, represents the idea that female sexuality is dangerous and the contrast between virgins and propriety -
1538
Venus of Urbino
Titian, conveys a shy sense of sexuality, the angle of her body allows viewers to see her body as an object of male sexual desire -
1547
Le Transi de Rene de Chalon
Ligier Richier, "remember that you have to die", grotesque memorial utilizing the actual heart of the dead -
1562
The Triumph of Death
Pieter Bruegel the Elder -
1563
Vegetables in a Bowl or the Gardener
Giuseppe Acrimboldo, painted harvest produce to depict faces, object oriented abstraction -
1567
The Peasant Wedding
Pieter Bruegel, heavy focus on depicting peasant life opposed to wealth and holy figures, conveys traditional practices of a Flemish wedding -
Pieta
Michelangelo, conveys the intimate relationship between mother and child in a religious context, also depicts the idea that maintaining virginity would allow women to remain young and pure, hand gestures show Mary desperately trying to cope with the death of her son -
Still Life With Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber
Juan Cotan, during the baroque period in Europe very dramatic paintings were highly appreciated, compositional relationships were imperative -
Judith Slaying Holofernes
Artemisia Gentileschi, painted by a woman, conveys powerful women overthrowing men, the artist was sexually assaulted by her master when she was an apprentice, this traumatizing experience shaped her as an artist -
Still Life with Dead Game, Fruits and Vegetables in a Market
Frans Snyder, harsh Baroque artwork, heightened sense of drama in still life was common at this time, contrast between good and evil -
Vanitas Still Life with Self Portrait
Pieter Claesz -
Venus and Adonis
Peter Paul Rubens, conveys both motherhood and the sexuality of women throughout motherhood, strong feminine figure, she is nude but remains in control of the situation -
Still Life, oil on wood
Willem Claesz Heda -
The Night Watch
Rembrant Van Rijn -
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Bernini -
The Milkmaid
Johannes Vermeer, well respected Dutch painter, commentary on the realness of peasant life -
The Dissolute Household
Jan Steen, 17th century domestic scene, celebratory image with heavy representation of sin via symbolism, woman stepping on a bible, flirtation, etc. -
Palace of Versailles
originally purchased by Louis the 13th, it wasn't until Louis the 14th that Versailles developed into the palace that it is now, created to reinforce his power, stylistic choices came from his attitude and political state, overwhelming interior from the baroque period -
Rococo Period
shift in aesthetic from baroque to rococo style artworks, Madame Pompadour threw many rococo art openings in Versailles as Louis XV's mistress, more interest in eastern culture and classicism -
Mr. and Mrs. Andrews
Thomas Gainsborough -
Neo-Classicism
in contrast to baroque and rococo, these artists began to create art inspired by classical Greek and Roman cultures -
The Death of Marat
Jacques Louis David, french revolutionary, done at the time of hyper-embellishment, image after his murder, the weapon is pictured in the front of the tub -
House of Death
William Blake, homage to an English poet -
Victorian Postmortem Photography
a cheaper way to commemorate the dead for lower class families in the victorian period, the dead are often very clear in the images since they were incapable of movement, typically the living would pose next to the dead -
Theory of Colours
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
a poet's views on the nature of colors and what emotions can be evoked through the use of color -
La Grand Odalisque
Jean Auguste Ingres, depicts a prostitue, represents a venus-like image, but she is far less coy about her sensuality, her sexuality is conditioned by the male gaze -
The Raft of the Medusa
Theodore Gericault, artists began to veer away from classical imagery and into more current events, depicts a government vessel that was importing slaves, he built a model of the raft itself and studied dead bodies at the morgue -
Francisco de Self-Portrait with Dr. Arrieta
Goya Y Lucientes, conveys the inevitability of mortality -
The First Known Photograph
Jospeh Niepce, heliography allowed him to capture this view from a window at Le Gras, exposure took multiple days -
The Sea Near Brighton
John Constable, intended to make the audience feel the power of nature -
The Course of Empire
Thomas Cole, focus on wildness in nature instead of a space made for humans -
Arc de Triomphe
neoclassicism, honored the dead who fought in Napoleon's wars, politics caused a shift in stylistic taste to occur -
Delacroix Self Portrait
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Louis Daguerre
discovered shorter exposure can produce a more visible image, daguerreotypes began the film development process -
Norham Castle, Sunrise
Joseph Turner, leads into impressionism, conveys nature as a myopic overwhelming forces of nature -
Portrait of Baudelaire
Courbet, portrait in admiration and celebration of friends and other artists -
Valley of the Shadow of Death
Roger Fenton -
Olympia
Edouard Manet, depicts a woman in full control of her sexuality -
Impressionism
began as a reaction to photography in the mid 1800s, no need for hyperrealistic paintings, painting began to actually become about paint itself -
Woman With Parrot
Gustave Courbet, breaking point of odalisque figure, woman appears ravaged, post sexual activity -
Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1
James McNeill Whistler, depicts the artist's respect for his mother -
Self Portrait at Sainte-Pelagie
Courbet, represents a loss of vanity and comfort in his increasing age, much less demanding than his younger self portraits -
The Gross Clinic
Thomas Eakins, inspired by actual surgical theatre at the time, marks true development in science -
L'Inconnue de la Siene
the body of a young girl were found in la Seine, her face showed no signs of the agony of death, a cast is made of her face and it became very popular in Parisian culture -
Self Portrait on Rose Background
Cezanne, no sense of drama or falseness, a very real self portrait -
Arts and Crafts Movement
British origins, popular throughout Europe and the United States, focus on traditional craftsmanship, anti-industrial, centered on labor reform -
The Sick Husband
Vassily Maksimov, rustic image of the working class in the late 19th century, contains an icon corner facing east to represent prayer and worship -
At the Milliner's
Edgar Degas -
Bar at the Follie Bergere
Edouard Manet, depicts a prostitute, utilized oranges to symbolize prostitution, aware of the male gaze -
The Potato Eaters
Vincent Van Gogh, depicted the lives of the working class, a humble meal conveys humanness -
Woman in a Coffeehouse
Paul Gauguin -
Portrait of Mme. Ginoux
Vincent Van Gogh -
Maternite
Marie Cassatt, conveys an ordinary mother breastfeeding her child, her painting style was essentially sweet and tender -
Art Nouveau
inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers -
At the Moulin Rouge
Henri de Toulouse-Lautree, depicts impressionists discussing their scandalous nature at the Moulin Rouge, held many private dinners and considered cooking as an art form -
The Three Stages of Women
Edvard Munch -
The Basket of Apples
Paul Cezanne, "art is a harmony running parallel to nature", believed an artist is not bound to depict real images in real space, meditation on the materiality of paint -
Mother and Child
Mary Cassatt -
Munsell Color System
claimed not all colors act the same so the range of colors can not be made into a uniform shape -
Two Marquesans
Paul Gaugain -
Landscape at Aix, Mount Sainte-Victoire
Paul Cezanne -
Casa Mila
Antonio Gaudi, representative of modernist architecture -
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Pablo Picasso -
He That is Without Sin
Polenov, highlights Russian Orthodox mythology -
Death and the Maiden
Marianne Stokes, tender image representing the female idea of death -
Tote Mutter
Egon Schiele, created very hyper-sexualized images, conveys the death of a mother in childbirth, made to convey the darker side of humanity -
Nude Descending a Staircase
Marcel Duchamp -
Concerning the Spiritual in Art
Wassily Kandinsky, conveys ideas of spirituality -
The Banquet of the Starved
James Ensor, scholars have interpreted this as a representation of the trauma of WWI and German occupation, similar to The Last Supper, but the religious figures are replaces by grotesque cartoon-like characters -
0.10 Exhibition
Suprematist Exhibition, mysterious, refers to the idea that history needed to be erased and the world should start again at zero, direct reference to portal icon, he evacuates images with simple images claiming they are just as good as a portal icon -
Mina Loy
Man Ray, portrait of a poet involved in the dada and surrealist themes, Man Ray claimed she excelled as a feminist -
Marcel Duchamp
Joseph Stella -
Marlene
Hannah Hoch, start to see sexual bodies as combinations and not being confined to your given gender -
The Kiss
Man Ray
questioned truth in his images, inspired surrealists -
Art Deco
luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social progress, influenced by cubism -
Yellow Calla
Georgia O'Keefe -
The Futurist Cookbook
FT Marinetti and Fillia, recognized people think and act according to what they eat and drink, believed eating should represent their ideas about visual presentation, overturned dining patterns, early example of an artist statement -
Wee Gee
New York, photojournalist that captured the death of his subjects, crime scene photography on the rise -
Strangling Angel
Meret Oppenheim, challenged the traditional societal views of the importance of marriage and family life, conveyed the idea that without a family, women could devote their lives to their work and happiness -
Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
Walter Benjamin,
critic reviewing the development of art in the means of technology and authenticity in the age of convenient printing -
Migrant Mother With Three Children
Dorothea Lange, captured during the Great Depression, conveys suffering and the responsibilities of a mother to protect her children -
The Luncheon in Fur
Meret Oppenheim, one of the few females of surrealism -
The Weeping Woman
Pablo Picasso -
The Two Fridas
Frida Kahlo, conveys the two halves of Frida's family life and the contrast between her European and Mexican roots, commentary on her ex-husband and his disdain for the more "European" Frida, conveys the constant pain in her life -
Nighthawks
Edward Hopper -
Freedom from Want
Norman Rockwell, opposite of abstract despite the popularity of abstraction at the time, aimed to depict American life, oppressive image -
The Tree of Life
Henri Matisse -
Crucifixion
Salvador Dali, represents his ideas of Catholicism through mysticism, considers the fourth dimension, surrealist landscape -
Blue Veil
Morris Louis -
Portrait of Independence
Juan O'Gorman -
Prose Poems
Daniel Spoerri, considered his culinary works to be art, focus on image/object relationships -
Anthropometry of the Blue Period
Yves Klein, composed through a performance of naked women pressing themselves against a canvas, utilized nude female models as tools, however, they claimed to be treated with respect as collaborators -
First Landing Jump
Robert Rauschenberg -
Pantone
made a uniform color system for businesses and designers to utilize -
Campbell's Soup Cans
Andy Warhol, huge influence of design and image making, conveys the mass production of food and the growth of capitalism in America -
Floor Burger
Claes Oldenburg, painted on canvas but molded into a sculpture, utilized oversimplified food to convey the nature of painting and sculpture, worked on an enlarged scale -
Make a Salad
Allison Knowles, performance art event, conveyed the way life imitates art, the piece is about making art that sustains -
Interaction of Color
Josef Albers -
Twelve Electric Chairs
Andy Warhol, produced a series that dealt with accidents and tragedy, images of an electric chair -
Triomphe de Moules
Marcel Broodthaers, cultural references to cuisine, puns were common in his works -
A Bigger Splash
David Hockney -
Seated Woman and Child
Juan Miro, influenced by Duchamp -
Abra III
Frank Stella -
Eden
Helio Oiticica, interactive exhibit to bring his culture into an art context -
Crinkly
Alexander Calder -
Bent Propeller
Alexander Calder -
The Rothko Chapel
nondenominational chaptel that serves as a major work of modern art, belief in the emotional and spiritual power of color -
Roden Crater
utilizes a sight dedicated to the observance of the galaxy -
The Holy Mountain
Alejandro Jodorowsky, surrealist film about making how reproductions of an icon strips away the sacred aspect -
SOS Starification
Hannah Wilke, radical feminist artist, covered models in mini sculptures of vaginas, sought to reclaim the female image and express female sexuality -
Literaturwurst
Dieter Roth, interested in politics and the question of "what is art", utilized food to convey humor, "ground" books in to sausage -
Cube and Four Panels
Ronald W. Davis -
Interior Scroll
Carolee Schneeman, performance piece in which a woman covered herself in paint until eventually extracting a scroll from her vagina, the artist appreciated the vagina as an art form -
In Search of the Miraculous
Bas Jan Ader, fall series depicts the potential threat of death in a comical and tender way, aimed to sail all the way across the Atlantic, he was alone on the boat and a few months after he set sail the raft was found upside down -
From Silueta Series
Ana Mendieta, places images of her own physical body into nature, earth works began emerging at this time -
TV Buddha
Nam June Paik, allowing an icon to exist in his work that already carries all of its own meaning, the icon is self-reflecting -
Icons
Andy Warhol, conveys the shift of pop culture and iconography -
Human/Need/Desire
Bruce Nauman -
Fertility Series B
Keith Harring, plays a large role in the AIDS crisis, work often surronded women, sexuality, life, and death, conveys the aesthetic of resistance -
Immediate Family
Sally Mann, staged elaborate portraits to show the sensual side of childhood, disturbing to many viewers -
Performance Still
Mona Hatoum, conveys religious pilgrimages to demonstrate one's belief in faith, circumambulation -
Guerrilla Girls
underground activist group of women who began noticing how exclusive the art world had become, the deficiency of women was a huge issue and they sought to call out the galleries who rarely displayed women -
A Fire in my Belly
David Wojnarowicz, conveys his experience with loss during the AIDS crisis, accepted to the national gallery in Washington but it was eventually removed for being too upsetting, conveys the narrative of a gay man during the AIDS crisis -
Immersion (Piss Christ)
Andres Serrano, controversial piece created through the own artist's urine, conveys his faith and understanding of catholicism -
Futago
Yasumasa Morimura, depicts a male body the way female bodies are typically depicted, reflection on our history and lack of inclusiveness -
Stereo Styles
Lorna Simpson, took notes from advertisements and arrangements of styles and then she represented the black female body -
Bismullah
Rasheed Araeen, didn't receive much recognition due to intense islamophobia at the time in Europe, so he shifted to create work to convey his identity and the idea that minorities are "invisible" in the art world due to people's biases and hatred -
Buddha Statue of Hyderabad
India, rituals preformed at the base of this statue -
Untitled (Portrait of Ross in L.A.)
Felix Torres, concerned with the politics of the AIDS epidemic, weighed hard candy to match the weight of his lover, candy is taken and the "body" of the lover diminishes, conveys the idea of death, but the piece is replenished when it fully diminishes -
Monywa Buddhas
Burma, represent religious practices, inside of the reclining Buddha are images of Buddhist hell -
The Temple of All Religions
Ildar Khanov, combines stylistic constructions from different religions, all 16 major world religions will be represented -
Untitled (Free/Still)
Rirkrit Tiravanija, gallery opening was a dinner party, prepared food for all of his guests -
Spider
Louise Bourgeois, spider represents her close relationship to her mother in comparison to her harsh abusive father who was often depicted in her work -
Rudolf Stingel's Buddha
a reflection of the appropriation of Buddhist rituals by the western world, conveys the "hip" nature of Buddhism -
New Mothers Series
Rineke Dijkstra, captured formal images in moments while their guard is let down, series of powerful images conveying qwomen directly after childbirth, conveys idealized relationship between mother and child -
The Chromatic Diet
Sophie Calle, an author composed a fictional story based on her life, and she took this story and translated it in to her real life, complex works -
Silhouette Painting
Kara Walker -
Tan Tan Bo
Takashi Murakami -
Born
Kiki Smith -
Seaform Pavillion
Dale Chihuly -
Junk
Tony Oursler -
Setting Cycles
Dona Schleiser -
New Mothers Series
Catherine Opie, conveys a woman who is nurturing towards her child but also represents her sexuality through the markings on her own body, sexuality does not take away from the nature of motherhood -
Stern
Marlene Dumas, the subject is dead and the painting itself in enlarged to a massive scale, themes of sleep, death, and ecstacy -
For the Love of God
Damien Hurst -
Third Ear
Stelarc, representative of artists utilization of technology -
Momme Portrait Series
LaToya Ruby Frazier, represents economic repression and illness based on this history of toxic waste in poor communities, depicts the cycle of life and death experienced by repressed women -
Les Trois Femmes Noires
Mickalene Thomas, reproduction of Le dejeuner sur l'herbe, reclaimed the image space with women of color to change the narrative, flipped the conversation of power -
RGB Colorspace Atlas
atlas that displays every color imaginable -
Winter Solstice 2012
Nicole Eisenman, similar to "At the Moulin Rouge", grotesque scenes of human interaction -
Double Cross
Theaster Gates, works somewhere between urban planning and fine art, believed community engagement made artwork amazing -
Claim
William Pope L., complicated composure, composed of many pieces of bologna with white paint and faces in a sloppy grid -
A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby
Kara Walker, sculpture made out of sugar paste since historically this was representative of power and royalty, unexpected and monumental -
You Are My Sunshine
Wangechi Mutu, the female form is almost always prevalent in her work -
"Art Hoe"
Amanda Stenberg and Willow Smith, movement for women who place themselves in front of artwork to reinforce the idea of women of color in a predominately white area, utilize selfies as art forms -
The Void
Audrey Wollen, rise of internet art, established "sad girl" aesthetic, claimed girls own the "void", sad girl theory proposes that suffering women experience should be categorized as an act of protest
