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The first ruler of one of the most powerful and widespread empires in the history of the world!
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His death and resurrection created the most popular religion in the world today: Christianity. The belief that God sent his Son as a sacrifice for the sins of the world is the basis of the religion. This destroyed the condemnation of the Ten Commandments and laws that humans would have to follow to be saved: Grace through Jesus is enough to be saved for eternity ( nothing humans can do can earn their way to heaven!).
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Emperor Diocletian split the Roman Empire to make it easier to govern. The Western Roman Empire was made up of Spain, Gaul, England, parts of Germany, North Africa and Italy. The Eastern part (ruled from Byzantium) was made up of Greece, Asia Minor (Turkey), the Holy Lands and Egypt. This part eventually become known as the Byzantine Empire.
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Christianity had some negative effects on Rome. The empire was powerful and its people were satisfied having freedom to follow whatever religion they pleased. The enforcement of Christianity caused strife and many men in the army dropped off to follow their choice of religion.
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He was a greek bishop who established what is considered the first hospital.
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This caused a huge weakness in the Roman Empire, assisting the downfall of Rome.
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Many horses replace oxen as they are quicker, this helps increase agricultural efficiency.
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The "Confessions" depicted humanity needs for God's grace ( shown throughout his life).
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Anglo-Saxon rule filled the power vacuum in England after the crumbling of the Roman Empire. Their art predominately focused on metalworking, woodcarving, intricate weaving of figures, knot work, often in many animals and human forms. This culture liked puzzles and riddles and it can be seen in the hidden details of their art.
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This lead to a near 500 year time span called the Dark ages. The finer things of life were overshadowed by the political/social ( war) unrest in Europe, leading to a dark time for art.
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Boethius was a a Roman statesman, philosopher, scholar, mathematician and music theorist.
He created a system of music where two octaves were split into 15 points; also, he assigned these points letters of the greek alphabet, creating a system of rhythmic notation. This was monumental in music theory in Europe and was studied for centuries. -
This is a beautiful guilt bronze statue that represents the balance of life in Buddhism.
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This is the oldest, giant Pagoda in China.
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The Goths, under King Theodoric, brought the Arian form of Christianity to Italy.
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Goth King Theodoric had this mausoleum built out of limestone. This was uncommon- marble was often used in Italy at this time.
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This basilica is the greatest surviving example of Byzantine architecture. It is also known as the Hagia Sophia. It is a sacred site for the Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Muslim faiths.
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The winter destroyed many crops and famines arose. This helped fuel the fall of Roman Empire.
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This Church contains some of the finest Byzantine mosaics known!
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The Persian were the first to use windmills to help power irrigation systems. This was a huge source of power that was easily accessible to many.
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He is consider the greatest prophet of Islam who helped spread Islam to the world. He said he was visited by archangel Gabriel.
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This Temple has the oldest wooden structures left in the world. It is also home to many irreplaceable treasures from Japan's 7th century. It was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage sight in 1993.
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Gregorian Chant, named after Pope Gregory, was used by the Christian Church to enforce the spread and use of Latin. Music modes were also widely spread; Two classes of modes became prevalent: rhythmic and melodic. These helped unified the liturgies while also changing the basis of music!
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This is the earliest representation of Buddha in the lotus position ever found.
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Medina was eager to learn about Islam and it widely caught on. This is known as year 1 in the Islamic calendar. Mohammad is buried in a tomb in Medina today.
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After conquering Mecca, he gave the pagan temple of Ka'ba to Allah and the majority of the city started to follow Islam.
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Mohammad death led to the first Caliph being enstated ( his good friend Abu Bakr). The new caliph led Islam into many "holy wars" to spread Islam to pagan religions.
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Islam is spread
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Islam is spread
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The poem was called, " Caedmon's Hymn".
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By the end of 662, Islam and spread around the Arbia land the Near Ends and North Africa. Many of these societies welcomed Islam and were eager to escape Christianity (that had been previously enforced). The distinct style ( Calligraphy, Vegetal patterns, Geometric patterns, Manuscript illustrations, Figural representation) of Islam art spread replacing former Hellenistic and Byzantine styles.
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One of the greatest leader of all of Europe. He helped take Europe out of the dark ages.
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This measurement would be used by the Bank of England in the future.
240 sterlings= 1 pound of silver -
Charlemagne was an incredible military leader. He established schools in all of the bishoprics and monasteries in his kingdoms. Improvements such as: new farming techniques, implementation of standard weights and measures, protection of merchants ( made sure they were not subject to excessive tolls) , protection of trade routes, and more all helped improve society under his rule. Charlemenge also helped eliminate corruption in government, helping economics (in the feudalism system).
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A period of 3 years where torrential rain, cold winters, frozen rivers caused severe famine and disease.
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A rise in temperature causes ideal farming weather; this leads to a boom in population.
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Wuchang, China
- Gunpowder made of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur
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This allowed horses to work for longer- helping agriculture significantly.
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This is one of the holiest shrines in the Shia sect of Islam. The remains of two Shia Imams lay in the shrine giving it the nickname, " The Tomb of Two Imams".
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St.Mark's Basilica is one of the finest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture in the world! It has a mix of gothic, romanesque, gothic architecture.
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This shrine is one of the holiest sites for the Shia muslims ( besides Mecca and Medina). The shrine holds the remains of the second grandson of Mohammad named Hussain. Each year, pilgrimages are taken here to mourn Hussain Ibn Ali's death.
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A brilliant monk who made some of the most important developments in western music:
- diatonic scale
- defined single size for whole step
- constructed scales based on 7 tones
- instructed students to sings in harmonies ( instead of just octaves or unisons)
- developed the system of solfege ( developed syllables)
- changed modal theory from tetrachord to hexachord ( from 4 to 6 notes)
- developed a four-lined musical staff
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The Augsburg Cathedral is a beautiful romanesque-style cathedral with a cruciform floor plan. It has Germany's oldest surviving stained glass windows.
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The heavy plow completely changed the agricultural process. The plow made farm work much quicker and efficient. This lead to more crops which, in turn, helped create a spike in population. It was originally created in the Han Dynasty in China around 500 but the technology took a while to spread to Europe.
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This invention revolutionized communication and the hisotry of written documents.
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Construction started with Anglo-Saxon leader Edward the Confessor. He brought in Norman stone masons to help with construction, unknowingly helping with the implementation of Norman architecture ( that was to come later via the Norman takeover of England!). Westminster Abbey is the oldest Romanesque structure in England.
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William the Conqueror and his forces defeat King Harolds at the battle of Hastings ( leading to the end of Anglo-Saxon rule). Many Anglo-Saxons continued to fight off Norman rule for centuries. The Normans, in an attempt to stop uprisings, adopted some of the Anglo-Saxon culture. However, Norman culture was heavily implemented, especially stone castles. The Normans brought a higher level of architectural skill to England.
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This Chapel is now part of the Tower of London.
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This castle is one of the finest examples of Norman architecture still standing today! It was the first in England to feature a ribbed vault system for its arches. It has been deemed a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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This is one of the largest cathedrals in England.
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15,000 Roman troops capture Jereselum and establish five Christian states.
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