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Leon Winslow
A reconstructionist, Winslow believes that art holds an important place in the community. He argues that schools in America are divorced from their communities, and that the material that students learn has little to do with their daily lives. Winslow views art as a way to solve community problems. -
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Jean Piaget
Best known for his theory of cognitive development, Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget has a profound effect on education in America. His child-centered approach in education is viewed as radical during its time and is debated even today. -
England: Education Act of 1944
Involved a thorough recasting of the educational system. The Board of Education was replaced by a minister who directs and controls local education authorities, thereby assuring a more even standard of educational opportunity throughout England and Wales. Every local education authority was required to submit for the minister’s approval a development plan for education. These central advisory councils had the power. -
J. Paul Getty
J. Paul Getty purchased the "Ranch House" as a space for the display of his personal art collection. This was the beginning of Getty's extensive art collection that eventually developed into the J. Paul Getty Museum and Trust. -
J. Paul Getty
J. Paul Getty purchased the "Ranch House" as a space for the display of his personal art collection. This was the beginning of Getty's extensive art collection that eventually developed into the J. Paul Getty Museum and Trust. -
Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock began "drip and splash" style. -
Mark Rothko
Mark Rothko created moving forms of abstract painting becoming increasingly symbolic. -
Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock began "drip and splash" style. -
Highlights Magazine
Highlights Magazine for children published its first issue. A wonderful source for children's artistic inspiration and creation. In each issue there are several sections that encourage readers to send in original works of art. Some pieces are displayed with other original creations, such as short stories and poems, while others appear along with directions so that other children can follow along to create their own masterpiece. -
Creative and Mental Growth
Viktor Lowenfeld wrote "Creative and Mental Growth" which provided teachers with appropriate methodology based on children’s natural stages of development in art. -
National Art Education Association
The National Art Education Association was founded with the merger of the Western, Pacific, Southeastern, and Eastern Region Art Associations, plus the art department of the National Education Association. This organization was founded to promote art education through Professional Development, Service, Advancement of Knowledge, & Leadership. NAEA is a non-profit, educational organization which has the potential to collaborate with federal education agencies & other national professional groups. -
Margaret Naumburg
Margaret Naumburg is considered the pioneer in art therapy in the
U.S. She called her approach to this concept of art as a form of symbolic speech "dynamically oriented art therapy" which was deeply based on Freudian understandings. Through her extensive work and writings Margaret Naumberg helped the field of art therapy expand as well as be taken seriously in its early manifestations during the mid 20th century. -
Specialist in Education for the Fine Arts
After many years The Office of Education reestablished a position of "Specialist in Education for the Fine Arts." -
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Reconstructionism
Reform is rampant because the state of the union is so unstable. Therefore, educators begin to deconstruct previous educational methods and look for new methods with which to educate America's youth. The Reconstruction of art education in America is led in part by Melvin E. Haggarty, Edwin Ziegfeld, and Leon Winslow, all of whom were heavily influenced by John Dewey. -
UNESCO
The 5th general session of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) approves the continued exchange of information in the visual arts as a way of promoting international understanding and world peace. This leads to an international seminar on teaching art in general education and the founding of the International Society for Education Through Art in 1954. -
England: The Comprehensive Movement
Secondary school offering the curricula of a grammar school, a technical school, and a secondary modern school, with no division into separate compartments. Pupils are placed in A, B, or C “streams” according to their aptitudes and abilities. Comprehensives are similar to the large, multipurpose American high school, in which the ability grouping system is known as “tracking.” -
Yves Klein
Yves Klein, sought to guide the world into a new "Age of Space" in which he brought new concepts into the art world by bringing signature elements that opened up minds to view art, not only as pictures but also as feelings. Children's drawings were now viewed as more than just blobs of paint; they were analyzed on a deeper psychological basis. This new theory made adults challenge the notion of "normal art" and become more susceptible to new and different ideas. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education, was the first segregation case to make it to the Supreme Court. On May 17, Chief Justice Earl Warren announces the Court ruled that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal. The Court also issued its enforcement decree for the desegregation of schools all across America. -
The Comics Code
Under pressure of church and school organizations, the comic publishing industry self-created censorship guidelines, known as The Comics Code, are put into effect. Parents felt this code would help end juvenile delinquency. Teachers hoped it would lead to less distractions in school and keep children from being exposed to alternative art forms that would clash with the school's art curriculum. -
Play-Doh
Play-Doh is sold in stores for the first time. Joseph McVicker, invents Play-Doh became the first non-toxic, pliable and child-friendly modeling compound to be sold. Children can easily express themselves in a three-dimensional medium in school and at home with the new Play-Doh. -
Sputnik
The Soviets launch the first artificial satellite called Sputnik. Americans believe that their schools have failed to provide enough good scientists to compete with their Cold War enemies. -
Pop Art
The term ``Pop Art' was used to describe those paintings that celebrate post-war consumerism, defy the psychology of Abstract Expressionism, and worship the god of materialism. The most famous of the Pop artists, the cult figure Andy Warhol, recreated quasi-photographic paintings of people or everyday objects. -
NASA's Space Art
The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 was passed to record the "strange new world of space." NASA's Space Art, "uses the medium of fine art to document America's space program for 'the expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space...for the benefit of all mankind.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-and-art-a-collaboration-colored-with-history -
The National Defense Education Act
NDEA, is passed by Congress and supported by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The act called for schools to emphasize science and math in the hoping children would pursue careers that would aid the U.S. National Defense against the Soviets. The arts were de-emphasized and considered frivolous. Artists were encouraged to analyze and censor their work to avoid being accused of communicating a wrong message. The art community argued that art was important because it fosters creative problem solving skills. -
Studies in Art Education
Publication of Studies in Art Education followed almost a decade of psychological and child art empirical research. -
Woods Hole Conference
various organizations meet to discuss the status of math and science education in America’s public schools. Participants include the National Science Foundation, Carnegie Corporation, and the National Academy of Sciences. Out of this conference, Jerome Bruner develops his theory that curriculum should be developed based on problems that professionals face in academic disciplines. Manuel Barkan later applies Bruner’s theory to art education. -
The Process of Education
The Process of Education, by Jerome Bruner is published. Bruner proposes that curricula should be structured by disciplines, not subjects. Unlike subjects such as spelling, disciplines exist outside of the classroom and are relevant to the real world. He believes that education should emulate the real world and that disciplines, rather than subjects, should be at the heart of education. -
The Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College
Formerly known as the Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study, was founded with the intention of increasing the number of female artists represented in public and private collections -
Etch-A-Sketch
Invented by Arthur Granjean and produced by the Ohio Art Company, this sand drawing toy allows for hours of entertainment. Children of all ages can perform countless drawings, expanding their minds and gaining a better concentration in artistic creativity.
