-
Maison de Force, Ackerghem, Ghent, Belgium
Construction from 1772-1775, although prison began receiving prisoners in 1773. Built by the Belgian architect Malfaison. -
Das Narrenturm, Vienna, Austria
Lunatic hospital inspired by penitentiary developments in Belgium. Note the relationship between hospitals and prisons, as well as the history of insanity in Ghent, Belgium. -
Suffolk County Jail, Ipswich
First cruciform plan to appear in Britain, also first known plan to allow central surveilance from one focal point. The attribute is later emulated in asylums. -
Gloucester House of Corrections, Northleach
Architect William Blackburn influenced by Bentham's Panopticon design, although the true Panopticon is economically difficult to build. -
Panopticon
Theoretical design by Jeremy Bantham. -
The Retreat, York, England
Designed by William Tuke. One of, if not the, oldest purpose-built asylum in Britain. Built by Quakers to accomodate their philosophy, and direct response to abuse in Bethlem and other asylums of the time. -
Proposed London Asylum
Never built, architect is James Bevans. -
Bethlem Royal Hospital, Soutwark, Britain
James Lewis' redesign of the hospital, built in St. George's Fields. Possible influence on linear hospital architecture? -
Friends Asylum, Frankford, PA
Architect unknown. Built to accomodate Quaker hospital philosophy. -
Silgo County Jailhouse, Ireland
Architect unknown (research them), direct influence from Northleach prison. This plan is found mostly in Ireland, which interestingly influences the model prisons in both America, Britain, and Europe. -
Auburn Correctional Facility, Auburn, NY
Designed and built by Jonathan Daniels, becomes model for the Auburn system. Prison built in rectangular plan, with slightly enlarged cells to allows prisoners to work throughout sentence in solitary confinement. -
First Western Penitentiary, Pittsburgh, PA
Built by William Strickland in accordance with Bentham's Panopticon style, although it cannot function as a Panopticon because of the interior walls. Razed in 1833 because of inmate abuse, only seven years after its official opening, by the inmates themselves. -
Kingston Penitentiary, Ontario
Canadian prison built by John Mills (architect of the Auburn prison - find these plans!). Prison uses the Auburn system. -
Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia, PA
Architect John Haviland did not write down his design influence, although he returned from Europe before building the prison. Originally designed in 5 radial wards, although 7 were ultimately built to accomadate prisoners. -
New Jersey State Prison, Trenton, NJ
Original design by architect John Haviland accomodates the PA system. -
Illenau, Achern, Baden
Influential linear plan asylum in southern Germany. Commissioned by Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller, architect unknown. Unfortunately used for T-4 program, hence shut down after WWII. -
Pentonville Prison, London, UK
Joshua Jebb built this prison, based off of Haviland's Eastern State in Philadelphia. Jebb, however, opened the plan to allow only 4 radiating wings. This plan becomes the model prison in Britain and Europe. It is a combination of the PA and Auburn systems. -
Moabit Prison, Berlin, Prussia
Model radial plan in Germany. Architect Karl Busse designed the building off the PA system. -
Charenton, Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne, France
Asylum designed by Émile Gilbert in 1838. Noted for its humanitarian view of people. The building housed prisoners during the Napoleonic era, including Marquis de Sade (1801-1814). Today known as the Esquirol Hospital after the famous superintendent Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol. -
New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, Trenton, NJ
Designed by John Notman as the first Kirkbride plan in the States, although Kirkbride himself never wroked there. -
Ratibor Prison, Raciborz, Prussia (now Poland)
Designed by Karl Busse after the Trenton model, with the PA system. Becomes the model prison in Germany after the Moabit Prison in Berlin. -
Model Kirkbride Plan
Designed by Thomas Kirkbride, drawn by Samuel Sloan. While this hospital per se was never built, the design is used in many American asylums of the time. Thus, these hospitals are designed in the Kirkbride Plan. Note that these hospitals existed before this plan was drawn - the book is merely published in 1854. -
Herbert Hospital, Woolwich, England
Oldest linear plan hospital in Britain. Architect unknown. -
Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, Philadelphia, PA
Originally built in 1841, with stacked wings added on 1856-1859. Superintendent of the building was Thomas Kirkbride, thus the hospital is now known as the Kirkbride Center. Original ward built by Isaac Holden, stacked wings by Samuel Sloan and Kirkbride. -
Leuven Prison, Leuven, Belgium
Architect unknown, designed after the PA system with six radial wings. -
Detroit House of Corrections, Plymouth Township, MI
Important prison design, because it is built in a linear "telephone pole" plan. -
New Jersey State Prison, Trenton, NJ
Prison converts to Auburn system in 1861, and adds a third ward. Ultimately, the prison has 7 wards with a central 5-wing radial plan. -
Wormwood Scrubs Prison, London
First prison designed in linear plan in Britain. Sir Edmund DuCane designed the model off of hospital architecture in Europe and America. -
Minnesota State Prison, Stillwater, MN
Designed and built by Clarence Johnston as lateral plan. First prison in States to use central spine to feed all wards, thus similar to linear (telephone) plan. -
Kilby Correctional Facility, Montgomery, AL
Architect unknown, although built with direct influence from Stillwater MN. -
Stateville Correctional Facility, Joliet, IL
Designed by W. Carbys Zimmerman, and bulit with inmate labor. Aerial view from 1960, plans surprisingly hard to find. Integration of linear plan with five panopticon wards radiating from central ward. Only true panopticon plan used in the United States, to my knowledge.
