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Jul 27, 1299
Ottoman Empire
cause: Mehmed 2 conquered Constantinople, founding the Ottoman empire from it's previous state.
effect: Besides it's ability to last about 600 years, it expanded greatly. During Suleiman the great's reign, he expanded the empire to parts of Hungary. It expanded throughout the reign. It's state organization had a military branch and a civil administration. the sultan was the most powerful position. The ottoman accepted religious law over anything else. It's middle-man status helped the economy. -
Period: Jul 27, 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
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Nov 5, 1375
Songhai Empire
cause: Mali conquered Gao, and the new capitol was moved there, creating the Songhai Empire.
effect: The Songhai conquered much of the weakened Mali's empire. After Sonni Ali died, many of his followers rebelled against the successors and brought a new one to rule. The once Mali cities, such as Timbuktu and Jenne now flourished in the Songhai empire and became centers of Islam and islamic learning. -
Period: Nov 19, 1375 to
Songhai Empire
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Jan 1, 1394
Prince Henry the Navigator
cause: Prince Henry, along with many other europeans in this time of maritime exploration, wanted to explore other lands.
effect: he explored the Western African coact and discovered several capes. these discoveries helped in sea trade and using different routes. he is also known to have invented the caravel, and he opened an exploration school. he created the basis for the unexplored African map. -
Jan 1, 1400
Beginning of Portuguese slave trade
cause: Portuguese were in search of gold in Africa. They brought in copper, tools, wine, and horses. the one problem the Portuguese faced was that African trade was controlled by muslims, and they were christians.
effects: The Portuguese discovered that they could make more gold if they transported gold along the coast of Africa. The Portuguese traded these slaves with muslim merchants in the northern parts of Africa, increasing their gold. -
Period: Nov 15, 1400 to Nov 15, 1500
Portugese slave trade
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Mar 30, 1432
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
cause: Murad 2 died in 1451 and the Ottomans needed a new sultan.
effect: Mehmed entered his second reign, and in doing so, was required to conquer a land. He conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire in doing so. After he took Constantinople, he faced hs attention towards Anatolia and Asia. He made allies in Anatolia and expanded his empire towards Europe and parts of Asia. -
Jan 1, 1468
Reign of Sunni Ali
cause: Sunni was the first king of the Songhai Empire. The decline of the Mali empire led Ali to conquer it's remaining territory and create the Songhai empire.
effect: He started a campaign for expansion. He annexed Timbuktu(1468), held a seven-year battle for the city of Djenne, and created one of the biggest empires people had seen in his time period. He ended up causing harm to Timbuktu because of the campagins and was described as a tryant and military strategist. -
Nov 10, 1483
Martin Luther
Causes: He disputed the claim of the Catholic church that sins could be forgiven with money(indulgences). The ninty-five thesis he wrote and publically displayed contained why indulgences were wrong, and due to his refusal to take them down, he was outlawed by Pope Leo X.
effects: the protestant reformation started. the protestants opposed of the beliefs and practices of the roman catholic church. -
Nov 5, 1488
Dias' voyage into Indian Ocean
cause: Dias, among a wide variety of curious explorors, was influenced by the high appeal in finding new faster routes to Asia. Maritime exploration was big in his era, and he had several caravels that were equipped to travel. he was funded by King John the second.
effect: Dias sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa. this discovery was important because Europeans realized they could now trade with India without crossing the middle east. -
Aug 3, 1492
Columbus' first voyage
Cause: Columbus was determined to discover the sought out faster route to Asia. he convinced the Queen and king of spain to finance his voyage.
effect: Colombus ended up voyaging to the americas and thought it was Asia. he landed in present-day San Salvador and in the Carribean. Although he is known as the first person to discover the America's, he failed his voyage, which was to find a faster route to China to have better access to the Chinese market. http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od -
Jan 1, 1500
Columbian Exchange
cause: Colombus founded the America's and wanted to bring back their native foods, people, animals, and ideas back to Europe, and vice versa.
effect: the diseases brought back by the Europeans. specifically smallpox, during this exchange resulted in killing about 90% of natives. New crops were introduced to euopeans, causing a diet expansion. the potatoe became extremely important to some countries. -
Jan 1, 1502
Safavid Empire
cause: After the decline of the Timurid Empire, Persia was politically fragmented. Shah Ismail founded the Safavid, becoming a shi'ite empire.
effect: Being shi'ite, they clashed with the sunni Ottoman. They created a third force within the autocracy, created the royal force, and their military consisted of four branches. they had a meritocracy, and had a pastoralist/ agricultural economy. They economically propspored due to the fact that they were the middle men of the silk road. -
Period: Nov 19, 1502 to
Safavid Empire
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Feb 5, 1519
Spanish conquest of Mexico
cause:Spanish arrived with their fleets of ships to the coast of the Americas. Hernan Cortes allied with several tribes to defeat and control the Aztec empire. Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan and overthrew Moctezuma but used him to rule.
effect: On August 13, 1521, Cortes came out victorious from the Aztec empire, having Tenochtitlan under Spanish rule. This conquest was the begining of New Spain. -
Period: Nov 15, 1519 to Nov 15, 1521
Spanish conquest of Mexico
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Jan 1, 1520
Moctezma
Cause: When Hernan Cortez came, Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, thought he was Quetzalcoatl, a god that was predicted to come back. Moctezuma let him into Tenochtitlan and showed him where their gold storage was. In a while after that, Cortes captured Moctezuma.
effect: Spain was now in control of the Aztecs and their gold supply. Moctezuma ended up dying from rage from followers. Cortes seized him as hostage and then used him to take over the empire. -
Jan 1, 1520
Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
cause: Suleiman took over the throne from his father
effect: He became the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman empire. He reconstructed the Ottoman legal system, and led military campaigns to Hungary and the middle east. -
Nov 5, 1526
Mughal Dynasty
cause: The empire started with teh accession of Akbar.
effect: They were able to rule for more than two centuries effectively voer much of India. Architecture prospored during this period, with the construction of the Taj Mahal being conducted. When Akbar ruled the Mughal, he offered the ideas of liberalism and offered choice of religious worship. -
Period: Nov 19, 1526 to
Mughal Empire
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Jan 1, 1530
John Calvin
Cause: Calvin was originally a humanist lawyer, but he left the catholic church in about 1530. Problems between the Protestants provoked an uprising, so he fled to Switzerland and wrote "the institutes of the Christian religion"
effect: being a part of the protestant reformation, Calvin also aggreed with Luther that indulgences were wrong. But, he brought a new idea into society, the idea of predestination and monergism. he believed that God chose who he wished to save. -
Nov 5, 1542
Reign of Akbar
cause:Akbar's father died, so he took the throne at thirteen years of age.
effect: He became a Mughl Emperor. He eliminated military threats from the Pashtuns and was very flexible with beliefs in his empire, causing culture and art to become widely popular & multi-cultural.He had a central government based on the Delhi Sultanate and had a specific military system that used Arabian horses.He is known as one of the world's greatest leaders and influenced the Saffavid, Ottoman, and Mughal empires -
Period: Nov 19, 1542 to
Reign of Akbar
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Dec 13, 1545
Council of Trent
Cause: During the counter-reformation, the council of trent issued rules to limit the power of the catholic church, and limit the abuses of the church, such as having the power to grant indulgences. They created new rules the clergy had to follow.
effects: The council met three times during the period that it was alive, and clarified doctrines that the protestants, lutherans, and calvinists questioned about the church. It It reafirmed Catholic teachings, and created a seminary system. -
Period: Dec 13, 1545 to Dec 4, 1563
Council of Trent
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Period: Nov 19, 1556 to
Reign of Abkar
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Feb 15, 1564
Galileo Galilei
cause: Many people dating before and during his time of existance believed that the earth was flat, and that if you reached a certain area of the earth, you would fall off the earth.
Effect: Galileo's studies and improvements on telescopes lead him to conclude that the earth was round and that there were planets and a solar system in space. The thory of heliocentirsm evolved, and he played an important part in the scientific revolution. -
Tokugawa Shogunate
cause: The Tokugawa Shogunate took control and centralized Japan. They moved the capital to Tokyo. Samurais became more educated than combat-skilled. Catholic missionaries came to Japan and converted the people. The Shigun charged them of being Christians wuth the itnention of overthrowing japan.
effect: The government of japan tried to control the economy through the large urban class. The samurai became a part of the middle class, and christian prosecutions began. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
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Period: to
Thirty Years War
cause: A Protestant revolt that occured in Bohemia replaced a catholic ruler. The French sided with the Protestants while Germany and Spain sided with the Catholics. the war was caused by religious conflict.
effect: France replaced Apsinas the greatets power in Europe using two peace treaties. Switzerland gained independance. -
Thirty Years' War
cause: A Protestant revolt that occured in Bohemia replaced a catholic ruler. The French sided with the Protestants while Germany and Spain sided with the Catholics. the war was caused by religious conflict.
effect: France replaced Apsinas the greatets power in Europe using two peace treaties. Switzerland gained independance. -
John Locke
causes: The enlightenment sparked new ideas of humanism and liberalism. Locke is known as the father of liberalism.
effect: he became an enlightenment thinker concentrating on the topics of the seperation of church and state, religious freedom, and liberty in people. his thinking later influenced people such as the American founders (thomas jefforson,etc.) -
Qing Dynasty
cause: Huang Taji moved the capitol to Sheyang, creating the Quing dynasty. They followed the admin. system of the Ming, centralizing the government.
effect: The Quing economy flourished once more. A period of culture and science emerged. In the 18th century, rebellions started occuring against the fuedal system. During the revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Quing, ending the Chinese fuedal monarchy for good. -
Period: to
Quing Dynasty
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Peter the Great
cause: Peter wanted to make his monarchy greater than the rest of the countries in europe and strived to make is a competitor in the title for greatest power.
effect: russia ended up becoming a major power. St.Petersburg provided a seaport to make trade mroe accessible and it was neccessary for Russia's economy. he also created a new poll tax and an organized army. -
England’s Glorious Revolution
cause: The protestant and catholic reformation caused differences throughout England about the doctrine.
effect: The revolution replaced King James 2 reign with his proestant daughter's monarchy. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml -
Manchus Empire
cause: Following the Quing, it was clear that the Manchus had to stay true to ancient Chinese philosophy in keeping their empire Confucian.
effect: The Manchus used the civil service exam. They destroyed the Dzungers Khanate and conquered the Xing Jiang. -
Period: to
Manchus Empire
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Russian Empire
cause: Russian empire emerged after the treaty of Nystad. Ivan the third had conquered Novogorod.
effect: When Peter 1 introduced an autocracy to Russia, the monarchy died. He led most of the expansion of the Russian Empire in the 17th century, earning his title, Peter the Great. The military was directed towards the Ottoman Empire.
http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/russianempire_history.html
